Priciples of Software Engineering Essay

Describe each law in your own words. Illustrate with a practical example ? Glass’ law â€Å"Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures Coming to my explanation Glass law states that if the basic requirements of the projects is not constructed properly that may leads failure of the project. To achieve goals in the project it plays an vital role and any drawbacks may leads project unsuccessful. Around 20% of all IT project failures were caused by incomplete or badly managed requirements. Example: Technological University-Online Practical Tests In the case of technological university the requirements specifications for the online practical exams had been implemented without consulting students and university staff. This system was designed in such a way that students affliated to that university are write the test test online at the same day and same time. Considering the requirements of the colleges were different an the project objectives were different. This leads to failure of the that project. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. Coming to my explanation Boehm’s law states that the basic designing of the projects mat leads to errors and miscalculations. The sooner you find a problem, the cheaper it is to fix , otherwise to detect the errors in the project is very expensive or complicated . This law is applicable from midrange systems. Example: City Council – Pay Roll System A city council developed a replacement payroll system believed that users had comprehensive knowledge of all the business requirements. But the current staff or IT team had participated in building the old system – they had no knowledge of how it was built. That leads to many errors and it cause project failure. Boehm’s second law â€Å"Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. Coming to my explanation Boehm’s second law states that by prototype modelling the disigning of the project and errors can be reduced. To design the system the staff will be educated . So that that will increase the usability of the system among users. Example: In a postgraduation course prototype modelling experiments were conducted . Some of them were used requirement driven approach and others are prototyping approach. This will leads to satisfaction for the client compare to all other methods. Davis’ law â€Å"The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes†. Coming to my explanation Davi’s law states that to describe systems requirements, it is very useful. This model is useful to solve the complicated tasks that other models find that difficult to solve. Example:In a system to solve the problems different methods were implemented. Each task follows their methodolgies to solve the problems. At the end all the methods got different results but there methodologies is useful to solve the problem. Your first task is to describe each software development methodology clearly and completely in your own words. You may use diagrams, examples or UML to help you do this. Waterfall Model : The waterfall model is a sequential software development process, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through the phases of conception, design, analysis, initiation ,testing and maintenance. This model is used in manufacturing industries and construction industries . It is ; highly structured physical environments in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible. Since no formal software development methodologies existed at the time, this hardware-oriented model was simply adapted for software development. For example, one first completes requirements specification, which after sign-off are considered â€Å"set in stone. † When the requirements are fully completed, one proceeds to design. Spiral Model: The spiral model is a software development process combining elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client reviewing the progress . Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The spiral model might mean that you have a rough-cut of user elements as an operable application, add features in phases, and, at some point, add the final graphics. The Spiral model is used most often in large projects and needs constant review to stay on target. It can get their hands in and start working on a project earlier. Q3) Using the first four laws of the text, show where these are either implemented or missing in each software development methodology (Total Two). If a law is missing, explain the consequences and suggest how the process might be improved. Water Fall Model Glass’ law Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures. The end users gathered by requirements in waterfall model. It states that the basic requirements of the projects is not constructed properly that may leads failure of the project. The failures were caused by incomplete or badly managed requirements. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. It basic designing of the projects mat leads to errors and miscalculations. In waterfall model this law cannot be able to correct the errors. This law is not reliable for waterfall model. Boehm’s second law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. This law cannot be able to correct the errors in waterfall model. The design phase would be reduced by prototype modelling. Davis’ law â€Å"The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes†. The purpose of this model is not suitable for this law. Spiral Model Glass’ law â€Å"Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures In waterfall model risk analysis is conducted on the prototype. By this if they need any requirement it will included in next stage. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. In spiral model each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client reviewing the progress . The risks were eliminated after number of stages. Boehm’s second law â€Å"Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. In spiral model it will design the prototype. and construct and design the prototype. The analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project.

Business System Analysis

Chapter 1 Problems/Exercises1.)Why is it important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system? Why not just build the system in whatever way seems to be â€Å"quick and easy?† What value is provided by using an â€Å"engineering† approach?It’s important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system because it ensure the quality of the system being built, it is also tested and you are following an appropriate process that is very structural. If you build a system in whatever way seems to be quick and easy, it can result in a poorly developed system, yes it can be easier and cheaper but in the long run it can require extra work to maintain and more money to maintain it. The value that is provided by using an engineering approach is well designed, precise and systematic. 8.) How might prototyping be used as part of the SDLC?Prototyping is part of the feasibility analysis phase of SDLC. A simulated prototype of t he target system is created which gives the initial fee of the target system. This also helps in pre-analyzing the behavior of the target system.Chapter 2:3.) In the section on choosing off-the-shelf software, eight criteria are proposed for evaluating alternative packages. Suppose the choice is between alternative custom software developers rather than prewritten packages. What criteria would be appropriate to select and compare among competing bidders for custom development of an application? Define each of these criteria.The criteria for evaluating alternative packages from custom software developers would be: cost, functionality, and response time. As with custom software, you know from your bid that vendor support, viability of vender,  flexibility, documentation and ease of installation is taken care of, as the vendor will install the system, supply appropriate documentation, will ensure flexibility of software (if in the bid) and will offer support for its own software that it wrote for the company.As far as viability of vender, I would hope that someone checked out the company before giving a bid. When trying to decide which software a developer is going to go with we would want to follow pretty much the same criteria they we followed when going with an off-the-shelf software. Regardless if it’s an off-the-shelf or custom made I would still want the software to have the same features. Will the software developer have some sort of warranty; will they stand behind their product? Will it be easily installed? Cost, usefulness and will the developing company offer some sort of documentation.Off the shelf software, also known as â€Å"shrink-wrapped† or â€Å"canned† software, refers to standard (not custom) software applications. When you take off the shelf software out of the package, you automatically agree to the terms and conditions of the software license and agreement. The most common criteria for choosing off the shell software are the following: Cost, Functionality, Vendor Support, Flexibility, Documentation, Response, Time, and Ease of Installation.4. How might the project team recommending an ERP design strategy justify its recommendation as compared with other types of design strategies?By using a strategy through cost saving due to facilitated reuse/raw materials inventory and by innovating, integrating and transforming their design processes.

Risc & Pipelining

What is RISC Architecture? * RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. * An Instruction set is a set of instructions that helps the user to construct machine language programs to do computable tasks. History * In early days, the mainframes consumed a lot of resources for operations * Due to this, in 1980 David Paterson, University of Berkeley introduced the RISC concept. * This included fewer instructions with simple constructs which had faster execution, and less memory usage by the CPU. * Approximately a year was taken to design and fabricate RISC I in silicon * In 1983, Berkeley RISC II was produced.It is with RISC II that RISC idea was opened to the industry. * In later years it was incorporated into Intel Processors * After some years, a revolution took place between the two Instruction Sets. * Whereby RISC started incorporating more complex instructions and CISC started to reduce the complexity of their instructions. * By mid 1990’s some RISC processors became mo re complex than CISC! * In today’s date the difference between the RISC and CISC is blurred. Characteristics and Comparisons * As mentioned, the difference between RISC and CISC is getting eradicated. But these were the initial differences between the two.RISC| CISC| Fewer instructions| More (100-250)| More registers hence more on chip memory (faster)| Less registers| Operations done within the registers of the CPU| Can be done external to CPU eg memory| Fixed length instruction format hence easily decoded| Variable length| Instruction execution in one clock cycle hence simpler instructions| In multiple clock cycles| Hard wired hence faster| Micro programmed| Fewer addressing modes| A variety| Addressing modes : Register direct. Immediate addressing, Absolute addressing Give examples on one set of instructions for a particular operation, Instruction Formats ttp://www-cs-faculty. stanford. edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2000-01/risc/risccisc/ Advantages and Disadvantages * Speed of instruction execution is improved * Quicker time to market the processors since few instructions take less time to design and fabricate * Smaller chip size because fewer transistors are needed * Consumes lower power and hence dissipates less heat * Less expensive because of fewer transistors * Because of the fixed length of the instructions, it does not use the memory efficiently * For complex operations, the number of instructions will be largerPipelining The origin of pipelining is thought to be in the early 1940s. The processor has specialised units for executing each stage in the instruction cycle. The instructions are performed concurrently. It is like an assembly line. IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | Time Steps (clocks) Pipelining is used to accelerate the speed of the processor by overlapping various stages in the instruction cycle. It improves the instruction execution bandwidt h. Each instruction takes 5 clock cycles to complete.When pipelining is used, the first instruction takes 5 clock cycles, but the next instructions finish 1 clock cycle after the previous one. Types of Pipelining There are various types of pipelining. These include Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction pipeline, superpipelining, superscaling and vector processing Arithmetic pipeline: Used to deal with scientific problems like floating point operations and fixed point multiplications. There are different segments or sub operations for these operations. These can be performed concurrently leading to faster execution.Instruction pipeline: This is the general pipelining, which have been explained before. — Pipeline Hazards Data Dependency: When two or more instructions attempt to share the same data resource. When an instruction is trying to access or edit data which is being modified by another instruction. There are three types of data dependency: RAW: Read After Write – This happens when instruction ij reads before instruction ii writes the data. This means that the value read is too old. WAR: Write After Read – This happens when instruction ij writes before instruction ii reads the data.This means that the value read is too new. WAW: Write After Write – This happens when instruction ij writes before instruction ii writes the data. This means that a wrong value is stored. Solutions Data Dependency: * Stall the pipeline – This means that a data dependency is predicted and the consequent instructions are not allowed to enter the pipeline. There is a need for special hardware to predict the data dependency. Also a time delay is caused * Flush the pipeline – This means that when a data dependency occurs, all other instructions are removed from the pipeline. This also causes a time delay. Delayed load – Insertion of No Operation Instructions in between data dependent instructions. This is done by the compiler and it avoids data dependency Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 1. Load R1| IF| OE| OS| | | | 2. Load R2| | IF| OE| OS| | | 3. Add R1 + R2| | | IF| OE| OS| | 4. Store R3| | | | IF| OE| OS| Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 1. Load R1| IF| OE| OS| | | | | 2. Load R2| | IF| OE| OS| | | | 3. NOP| | | IF| OE| OS| | | 4. Add R1 + R2| | | | IF| OE| OS| | 5. Store R3| | | | | IF| OE| OS| Branch Dependency: this happens when one instruction in the pipeline branches into another instruction.Since the instructions have already entered the pipeline, when a branch occurs this means that a branch penalty occurs. Solutions Branch Dependency 1. Branch prediction: A branch to an instruction to an instruction and its outcome is predicted and instructions are pipelined accordingly 2. Branch target buffer: 3. Delayed Branch: The compiler predicts branch dependencies and rearranges the code in such a way that this branch dependency is avoided. No operation instructions can also be used. No operation instructions 1. LO AD MEM[100] R1 2. INCREMENT R2 3. ADD R3 R3 + R4 4. SUB R6 R6-R5 . BRA X Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 3. Add| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 4. Subtract| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 5. Branch to X| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 6. Next instructions| | | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 3. Add| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 4. Subtract| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 5. Branch to X| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 6. NOP| | | | | | IF| OE| OS| | 7. Instructions in X| | | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Adding NOP InstructionsClock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 3. Branch to X| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 4. Add| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 5. Subtract| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | 6. Instructions in X| | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Re arranging the instructions Intel Pentium 4 processors have 20 stage pipelines. Toda y, most of these circuits can be found embedded inside most micro-processors. Superscaling: It is a form of parallelism combined with pipelining. It has a redundant execution unit which provides for the parallelism. Superscalar: 1984 Star Technologies – Roger ChenIF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | Superpipelining: It is the implementation of longer pipelines that is pipelines with more stages. It is mainly useful when some stages in the pipeline take longer than the others. The longest stage determines the clock cycle. So if these long stages can be broken down into smaller stages, then the clock cycle time can be reduced.This reduces time wasted, which will be significant if a number of instructions are performed. Superpipelining is simple because it does not need any addit ional hardware like for superscaling. There will be more side effects for superpipelining since the number of stages in the pipeline is increased. There will be a longer delay caused when there is a data or branch dependency. Vector Processing: Vector Processors: 1970s Vector Processors pipeline the data also not just the instructions. For example, if many numbers need to be added together like adding 10 pairs of numbers, in a normal processor, each pair will be added at a time.This means the same sequence of instruction fetching and decoding will have to be carried out 10 times. But in vector processing, since the data is also pipelined, the instruction fetch and decode will only occur once and the 10 pairs of numbers (operands) will be fetched altogether. Thus the time to process the instructions are reduced significantly. C(1:10) = A(1:10) + B(1:10) They are mainly used in specialised applications like long range weather forecasting, artificial intelligence systems, image process ing etc.Analysing the performance limitations of the rather conventional CISC style architectures of the period, it was discovered very quickly that operations on vectors and matrices were one of the most demanding CPU bound numerical computational problems faced. RISC Pipelining: RISC has simple instructions. This simplicity is utilised to reduce the number of stages in the instruction pipeline. For example the Instruction Decode is not necessary because the encoding in RISC architecture is simple. Operands are all stored in the registers hence there is no need to fetch them from the memory.This reduces the number of stages further. Therefore, for pipelining with RISC architecture, the stages in the pipeline are instruction fetch, operand execute and operand store. Because the instructions are of fixed length, each stage in the RISC pipeline can be executed in one clock cycle. Questions 1. Is vector processing a type of pipelining 2. RISC and pipelining The simplest way to examine the advantages and disadvantages of RISC architecture is by contrasting it with it's predecessor: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) architecture. Multiplying Two Numbers in MemoryOn the right is a diagram representing the storage scheme for a generic computer. The main memory is divided into locations numbered from (row) 1: (column) 1 to (row) 6: (column) 4. The execution unit is responsible for carrying out all computations. However, the execution unit can only operate on data that has been loaded into one of the six registers (A, B, C, D, E, or F). Let's say we want to find the product of two numbers – one stored in location 2:3 and another stored in location 5:2 – and then store the product back in the location 2:3. The CISC ApproachThe primary goal of CISC architecture is to complete a task in as few lines of assembly as possible. This is achieved by building processor hardware that is capable of understanding and executing a series of operations. For this p articular task, a CISC processor would come prepared with a specific instruction (we'll call it â€Å"MULT†). When executed, this instruction loads the two values into separate registers, multiplies the operands in the execution unit, and then stores the product in the appropriate register. Thus, the entire task of multiplying two numbers can be completed with one instruction: MULT 2:3, 5:2MULT is what is known as a â€Å"complex instruction. † It operates directly on the computer's memory banks and does not require the programmer to explicitly call any loading or storing functions. It closely resembles a command in a higher level language. For instance, if we let â€Å"a† represent the value of 2:3 and â€Å"b† represent the value of 5:2, then this command is identical to the C statement â€Å"a = a * b. † One of the primary advantages of this system is that the compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language statement into assembly.Because the length of the code is relatively short, very little RAM is required to store instructions. The emphasis is put on building complex instructions directly into the hardware. The RISC Approach RISC processors only use simple instructions that can be executed within one clock cycle. Thus, the â€Å"MULT† command described above could be divided into three separate commands: â€Å"LOAD,† which moves data from the memory bank to a register, â€Å"PROD,† which finds the product of two operands located within the registers, and â€Å"STORE,† which moves data from a register to the memory banks.In order to perform the exact series of steps described in the CISC approach, a programmer would need to code four lines of assembly: LOAD A, 2:3 LOAD B, 5:2 PROD A, B STORE 2:3, A At first, this may seem like a much less efficient way of completing the operation. Because there are more lines of code, more RAM is needed to store the assembly level instr uctions. The compiler must also perform more work to convert a high-level language statement into code of this form. CISC | RISC | Emphasis on hardware | Emphasis on software | Includes multi-clock complex instructions | Single-clock, educed instruction only | Memory-to-memory: â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† incorporated in instructions | Register to register: â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† are independent instructions | Small code sizes, high cycles per second | Low cycles per second, large code sizes | Transistors used for storing complex instructions | Spends more transistors on memory registers | However, the RISC strategy also brings some very important advantages. Because each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute, the entire program will execute in approximately the same amount of time as the multi-cycle â€Å"MULT† command.These RISC â€Å"reduced instructions† require less transistors of hardware space than the complex in structions, leaving more room for general purpose registers. Because all of the instructions execute in a uniform amount of time (i. e. one clock), pipelining is possible. Separating the â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† instructions actually reduces the amount of work that the computer must perform. After a CISC-style â€Å"MULT† command is executed, the processor automatically erases the registers. If one of the operands needs to be used for another computation, the processor must re-load the data from the memory bank into a register.In RISC, the operand will remain in the register until another value is loaded in its place. The Performance Equation The following equation is commonly used for expressing a computer's performance ability: The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction. RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions p er program. RISC Roadblocks Despite the advantages of RISC based processing, RISC chips took over a decade to gain a foothold in the commercial world. This was largely due to a lack of software support.Although Apple's Power Macintosh line featured RISC-based chips and Windows NT was RISC compatible, Windows 3. 1 and Windows 95 were designed with CISC processors in mind. Many companies were unwilling to take a chance with the emerging RISC technology. Without commercial interest, processor developers were unable to manufacture RISC chips in large enough volumes to make their price competitive. Another major setback was the presence of Intel. Although their CISC chips were becoming increasingly unwieldy and difficult to develop, Intel had the resources to plow through development and produce powerful processors.Although RISC chips might surpass Intel's efforts in specific areas, the differences were not great enough to persuade buyers to change technologies. The Overall RISC Advantag e Today, the Intel x86 is arguable the only chip which retains CISC architecture. This is primarily due to advancements in other areas of computer technology. The price of RAM has decreased dramatically. In 1977, 1MB of DRAM cost about $5,000. By 1994, the same amount of memory cost only $6 (when adjusted for inflation). Compiler technology has also become more sophisticated, so that the RISC use of RAM and emphasis on software has become ideal.

Research Methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Methods - Research Proposal Example In order to decide about using composite or summated scale score for each question in the survey developed, it can be affirmed that the summated scale score can be used for the initial three questions. This might be owing to the reason that the results acquired from these questions will be quite limited and tends to be interrelated with one another. Though these three questions can be segregated into close-ended one, the summated scale score can be used in place of composite scale score. It is worth mentioning that the fourth and fifth questions are open-ended. It is projected that the answers or the responses of these questions will vary based on individual perspectives. Thus, the notion of composite scale score can be used in this situation. Specially mentioning, one of the functions of composite scale score scale can be ascertained as dealing with multiple data. Thus, for the questions ranging from 4-10, the applicability of composite scale score is justified (Spector, 2013). The reliability, validity along with sensitivity are often regarded as the key tools of measuring varied sorts of errors that occur while conducting a survey. The notion of reliability mainly refers to the consistency or the dependability of the respondents towards research variables. Thus, it can be measured by evaluating the results of the research. The idea of validity mainly reflects the expected results of the research. With this concern, the validity can be measured by determining the effectiveness and most vitally the viability of the research results or responses. Finally, the perception of sensitivity denotes assessing the fractions of all the possibilities related to the completion of a particular research. It is in this circumstance the sensitivity can be duly measured in the form of ascertaining the information obtained from the respondents and appropriate interpretation of such data or information (Fayers & Machin, 2002). It is quite

Observation Techniques - Mystery Shopping Essay

Observation Techniques - Mystery Shopping - Essay Example However, many of the people sold PPI found they were not eligible to claim, others did not understand that purchase of the policy was voluntary, and some did not even realize they had bought the cover (Insley, â€Å"Barclays to settle PPI claims no questions asked â€Å").The number of complaints over the controversial loan insurance has risen by 93% in the first half of the year - and is expected to continue to increase. There has been a level of overcompensation on Simmons Bank’ behalf in respect of communication as a result of this dispute. Simmons Bank has greatly increased its volume of communications to customers via direct mail, phone and emails trying to rebuild customer confidence in the bank and also to win back affected customer’s support. This high volume of communication annoyed customers even further and consequently, resulted in even more complaints being made about the bank. The purpose of the research is to rationalize the best way of communicating an d determine when and how customers prefer to be contacted. Mystery shopping is a technique that is used to evaluate any type of customer interaction and to test anything from product knowledge to customer service/politeness, handling of complaints and the follow-up procedure, refund and exchange procedures and sales skills. The ultimate aim of mystery shopping is to improve customer satisfaction thus increasing sales and customer revenue. This method of research allows an organization to view their product or service from the perspective of the customer or client and accurately identify individual staff’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as organizational strengths and weaknesses. Simmons Bank could benefit from using any one of these methods of mystery shopping and they would all provide useful insight into how Simmons Bank and its employees conduct business. Some questions that physical

Critical Life Experiences that Impacted My Life Essay

Critical Life Experiences that Impacted My Life - Essay Example I must admit that one of the greatest life experiences that have shaped by values and beliefs is having been brought up in a Christian set up. I was born in a family that greatly values Christianity. My parents have always adored and upheld Christian values and taught the same to their children. I grew up to appreciate the importance of church in developing values and beliefs (Branson, 2009; Hunt, 1999). As a small child, I began to learn what is right or wrong by putting everything in the context of Christianity. Being raised Catholic in a small country town in Australia made me develop strong Christian values. I continually developed the values of truth, fairness, care, loyalty, respect, purity, equality among others (Branson, 2009). The catholic community draws values and beliefs from the Bible (Hunt, 1999) and, therefore, I have become a strong believer in biblical teachings. However, all the values that I have gained from being associated with the catholic teachings have been af firmed and cemented by my parents who have always made a follow up on my Christian development. My parents, especially my father, strongly believe that good values are nurtured since childhood. A strong family background is overwhelmingly important in impacting values and motivating children towards their set goals in life (Hunt, 1999). My experiences in a large family that upholds family values have made me grow tremendously in human values. As a family, we have always appreciated the importance of family functions, such as get together ceremonies, weddings, birthday celebrations among other family functions. These diverse family functions have really encouraged me to uphold family values and the importance of the family as a basic unit for the society (Branson, 2009). More importantly, the financial, moral, and psychological support I have received from the large family base have greatly motivated me in achieving my goals in life. Actually, I have been able to achieve much in life especially in academics by the need to meet and exceed the standards that have already been set by my family members (Tysum, 2010). Exposure to different social and cultural set ups across the world have been a great boost to my behavior and values. I have travelled and taught in different parts of the world, especially in the US and London. Admittedly, the exposure to different social set ups have greatly impacted on my behavior in my endeavor to fit in those set ups. For instance, I had to take time to learn new cultural beliefs every time I went to a new society. When I went to teach in London, I had to learn new behavior in order to fit perfectly in the society. Additionally, I had to change my behavior and adapt to the cultural system of the US. This way, I was able to integrate with the society and expedite my duties as a lecturer effectively. I must admit that the exposure to different societal set ups have acted as a great motivation. When I was teaching in the US, I came a cross teachers that are more experienced and more effective in their teaching methods. In the process, I learned to be more competitive by striving to be better than the experts are and this has indeed been a great motivation especially in my career as a teacher. Different societal set ups have different value attached to education among other social tenets (Burton, Smith & Brundrett, 2002; Branson, 2009). For instance, the European and American education systems are slightly different

Snyder v. Phelps Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Snyder v. Phelps - Assignment Example Therefore, the congregation picketed in military funerals to demonstrate their beliefs. On this occasion, Phelps led his flock to picket at Marine Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder’s funeral. He died while in battle in Iraq in 2006. Through the event, protesters displayed placards with thematic messages like, acknowledging God for 9/11 event, thanking God for the death of the soldier and asking the public not to pray for America. Furthermore, church members recounted Bible verses and resonated hymns. Snyder later sued Phelps and the church on the basis that their actions caused him severe emotional distress. However, Phelps defended and sought protection of the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Bhakhama (2012) affirms that the case took an interesting twist as jury in Maryland settled the claims and awarded Snyder a reasonable compensation. However, the Supreme Court reversed the decision in favor of the church because the protestors addressed Americans fate, homosexuality, and moral conduct. In justification of the decision, the Supreme Court emphasized that First Amendment offered exceptional shield for speech on civic issues. Hence, the court maintained that Westboro Baptist Church members who picketed adjacent to the funeral site expressed legal acts. Thus, the demonstrators’ engaged in accordance with provisions of state-law. On the contrary, the church never committed purposeful cause of emotional misery, meddling, and civil intrigue. Fighting words doctrine comprised of speeches with a possibility to make a recipient commit an act of violence. However, First Amendment never prohibits expression of similar speeches especially when addressing common concerns, yet opposes subset of abusive words and violence. Thus, this is a personal analysis and thoughts about application of the doctrine in relation Chaplinsky versus New Hampshire. Generally, the Supreme Court’s verdict presented a major dilemma. Critics still argue

Developing a Christian Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Developing a Christian Mind - Essay Example However, it also means, according to Strongs Concordance (Strong 7965), completeness, wholeness, health, peace, welfare, safety soundness, tranquility, prosperity, perfectness, fullness, rest, harmony, the absence of agitation or discord. Shalom is a blessing (The Refiners Fire). There are three levels of Christian relationship. We are called to be in relationship with God, with God’s creation, and with others (Lowe and Claiborne). Our relationship with God is the most basic and critical. That relationship was a gift to us, through Jesus, the life-giver. When Jesus ascended to heaven, he left us the Holy Spirit, so that his ministry is still alive, still dynamic, still with us. By tuning into the leading of the Holy Spirit, and responding to that leading, we can stay within God’s plan for our lives. In that way, God is not something far away and external to us, but is internal and immediate. This is the deepest source of peace, of wholeness, completeness, health, welfare, safety, soundness, tranquility, prosperity, perfectness, fullness, rest, harmony, the absence of agitation or discord. Shalom is God’s blessing. What that looks like, in operation, is that a Christian reads God’s Word, prays deeply, listens to the silence in which God speaks. The peace, Shalom, shows in action, in word, in expression, in patience, in gentleness, in modesty. It shows in a Christian’s embodiment of all the virtues that lead to the other levels. The next level is a Christian’s relationship to God’s creation. Loving God and feeling his love for us, leads us to a great respect for his creation. In the flight of each flamingo, in the wing pattern of each butterfly, in the purity of snow on a mountaintop, in the startle of lightening, in the reflection of creation in the still surface of a lake, in the mist from a thundering waterfall, in the paw of a squirrel, in the whir of the hummingbird, in the strength of an ant and the

Forest Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Forest Industry - Case Study Example Ontario is referred to as the 'crown' of forests as ninety percent of the forested lands in Canada fall under the province of Ontario. There are a plenty of questions that come to the mind when trying to understand the dynamics of the forest industry and the roles played by different people who are actually part of the system. Ontario's forest industry has been in the news in recent months as government and industry struggle to address economic challenges and redefine the future of the industry.' The rising Canadian dollar, the softwood lumber dispute, energy prices, outside competition, overcapacity and wood supply issues have all been cited as contributing factors effecting Ontario's struggling forest industry. In response, the Ontario government is considering a package tomorrow to support this vital industry.' Noticeably absent from the debate is a recognition of environmental performance as a key indicator of long-term success and sustainability.'' The ministry of natural resources says that it is doing everything under its jurisdiction to see to it that there is no further damage of the forests but the critics reject this. As a global citizen and a person who has been following up with this issue closely, I can definitely say that the Government has not being doing enough to protect the forests in the area and has been consistently bowing to the pressure by various industries indulging in the logging process in the area. What kinds of changes are needed in the present formulation of laws and policies to ensure sustainability of the forests' These are some of the questions I've attempted to answer through this dissertation. Economic Sustainability Ontario's forest industry has been steadily consolidating over the past 15 yrs. In the year 1991, 24 companies were responsible for processing 90 percent of the wood that was harvested. In the year 2004, 8 companies were found to process the same amount of wood that was being processed by the 24 companies in the year 2004. On the wood supply front, the government was aware of the situation that a 20 year old low in the dip of the supply of the wood was looming largely over Ontario. Even after this, the government involving itself in logging contracts with various companies draws a suspicion over its attitude. Senior industrialists clearly point out that the harvest levels in the forest have been coming down drastically but the government reviews have shown that the harvest rates are above sustainable levels. What does this infer' It can be easily said that with continuing job loss, lower productivity and harvest levels in terms of quality and quantity and decreasing competitiveness in global markets and loss of key ecological issues, Ontario forest industry is not at all economically sustainable as pointed out by the Government. Ecological sustainability For many years, its been widely understood that the continous logging of the forests has clearly resulted in the reduction of bio-diversity, forest composition and degradation of habitat. The rate of logging has clearly increased and experts put the estimates at 6.6 hectares of land per year, which is clearly alarming. In the year 2002, the practice of clear cutting by the industries in that the Environment Commisioner who termed it as "experiment on a massive scale" and observed that it was well

8,9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8,9 - Essay Example Fundamentally, client satisfaction depends on feeling about a particular customer service extended to them by the businesses. Therefore, businesses have an obligation to add value by providing excellent customer service. In essence, it is significant to practice friendliness, courtesy, attentiveness, care, and responsiveness when dealing with clients even in situations where their requests seem unfavorable. The aforementioned factors are critical to the success of the business enterprise. My experience with a shipping company was embarrassing. I had waited for my products to be delivered in time, but the company did not explain to me comprehensively about the delay. The company sent an email to me in a language that appeared impolite. It was a total disregard and disrespect to me. Instead of communicating effectively the expected date of delivering my product, the company never presented any clear information to when I should receive my product. The company strategy of giving incomplete information was disrespect to me as a loyal customer. It would have been appropriate for the company to plan the message well, and present information that contains the reason for the delay of my product. In addition, the message ought to reflect a language that underpins hope, positivity, and credibility as the company seeks to maintain me as their

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 87

Reflection - Essay Example The patient is also encouraged when you smile and comfort him. I gave the patient fruits and multivitamin tablets. What I realized from this medication is that, a patient under malnutrition tends to react positively faster after taking multivitamin. This also improves his appetite. Seeing a smile on the patients face really motivated me. I felt useful, confident, and also helpful to people who seek my help. It is normal for one to be slightly low in mood, but when you impact positively on the people you serve, definitely it cheers you up. The experience I had today make me feel important and proud of my presence in the hospital. My goals in future is to improve on my knowledge and skills on how to handle patients that feel they have lost hope. I have also decided to diversify my skills within the hospital by participating in other hospital activities that are not within my field of study. Additionally, I plan to learn new things daily in order to sharpen and improve my interest to handle

Good transportation Essay Example for Free

Good transportation Essay Of all the countries of the earth, there are developed and developing countries. Of the developed nations, one of them stands out as the superpower: it is the United States of America, the place of untied people or more than one race defending the sanity of their environment, and extending her good will to other nations that need them. It is the leader of other countries in military power and strength. United States of America is made up of many states that run a democratic system of government, which forms the western civilisation that people talk about. This nation is a great nation, and I like it. My main point through this article is that this country is better than others. I do have reasons for this theme. I do not think that there is any nation that is greater than America; it is better than other countries in many respects. Let me start with one of them: the people are good. Americans are people of more than one race: there are Hispanics, Black-American, and from other nations of the earth. If the people of America are not friendly, they would not be accommodating to everyone. They are ready to help when you are in need. And they also appreciate good people, skills and relationship. I am happy about this: that is why I say that they are good people. Besides, the people are open, straightforward and sincere. I have found these traits to be good and pleasant since I arrived in America. It is good to be nice. Apart from the good relationships you can build with Americans because they are nice, the education system is also good. There are many schools, high schools and colleges, and they teach the pupils and students very well. That is why many people from other parts of the world come to America to study and they return to improve their country. There are also research institutes that do studies to improve things in the world. They produce many new things that are useful every where. This is another reason I like USA. There is also order. I believe this is so because to monitor can work well. This order is shown by people when they obey traffic rules. Even when the Police is not around, people wait and obey rules. This is not the situation in other countries of the world. I have been impressed about this a lot. This orderliness has made it possible to protect people from haters of freedom. The transportation system is also very good: the road does not have port holes; it does not usually have traffic; apart from the road, the water and air transport systems are also good. USA is the home of democracy. As a result, there is practice of human rights. There is freedom of religion, communication, and interactions. You are free to make your opinion on any issues. This makes the place very good. As a Christian, I am not disturbed because of who I am. And other people can be Muslims, traditional worshippers, and even other things. People are free to do whatever they like do for themselves. You can be gay, or lesbian. This is the extent of freedom. You can even the Bill Gate and a great writer. The good government of USA is also very good. There is freedom to choose the right person to lead you through an election. I like it this way because you can see the people you like and make them lead you. This is good too for a country. This is the reason other countries chose democracy. It also has a good police force. There are some that respond when you call 911. They come to rescue you from problem you are facing. Some are also on the road, they help to maintain traffic. They stop those who drive to fast, and can charge them to court. The Police is also looking for criminals, and they want to catch them and charge to court. This police have men and women, and they work together well. There is also a group that responds to riots. Apart from the security here, there is also the military. They go to wars like Afghanistan, Iraq. They help to protect the large country from those that want to invade without notice. This is another thing why America is great. Good transportation, government, nice people, hard work police, the military, order is every where in America. This is why America is the greatest and I like it.

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem 3. The Rise of New Interpretation 4. Merits of the New Interpretation 5. Conclusion References 1. Introduction The Sen’s theorem has an important impact on the decision and social choice theory. In the Nobel Prize lecture of 1998, Sen said that discovering the societal decision rules will be the main objective of the choice theory. However, Sen found it is difficult to achieve this objective in his paper of â€Å"Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal† (Sen, 1970a, b, 1976c). Sen’s theorem states that it is impossible to achieve the minimal aspect of liberalism when it is combined with the Pareto condition. According to the theorem of Sen, it seems that there is a fundamental conflict between the Pareto welfare concepts and the liberalism. After this argument, there is a pooling of studies that focus on the individual rights and there are also studies that find new interpretation for the theorem of Sen. According to Saari and his collaborators, the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. This essay will mainly explain how this interpretation arises and discuss its merits relative to the original interpretation offered by Sen. The essay will be structured as follow: in the second session, the essay will briefly introduce the Sen’s Theorem regarding to the conflicting results between Pareto Optimal and Liberalism. Examples will also be used to better illustrate the choice decisions. In the third session, the essay will how and why there will be new interpretations of the theorem of Sen. Particularly, the essay will base its argument on the research results of Saari and his collaborators. In the fourth session, the essay will discuss the merits of the new interpretation compared with the interpretation by Sen himself. In the last session, a brief conclusion will be made based on the analysis in the previous se ssion. 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem The Sens impossibility of a paretian libertarian theorem or Sens paradox Paratian liberal states that weak Pareto criterion and liberalism may have conflicts on the fundamental level, which indicated that the Pareto criterion is flawed. On one hand, it shows that the Pareto criteria only consider aspects of difference in efficiency among relevant states while ignoring the individual utility conflicts arising because of these states. On the other hand, the theorem also shows the in addition to considering some reasonable internal conditions, one also needs to consider issues such as liberalism for social order decision making. According to Sen, there are some choices that are purely of personal nature, such as the state (x) means everything else in the society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping supine, state (y) means everything else in society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping prostrate. If A has a preference of y than x, while many others in the society prefer the opposite, then it can be consid ered that social choice between x and y is a purely personal thing, because A is the only a real person that is related to the choice while other people are just nosy person. It can also be considered that one can choose one such a collective choice rule where As preference should be accurately reflected by social preferences in this purely personal nature choices (Sen, 1970). Based on this point, Sen emphasizes that people should pay attention to the study of individual rights and other issues affecting the social choice order and decision making. The new welfare economics and welfare economics research before the new welfare economics are consciously or unconsciously avoid these problems. Sen (1970) found that the Pareto criterion is incompatible with liberalism. Pareto optimality is used by the economists and other social scientists to measure the efficiency of society, which is also the the most common and widespread, even the only indicator. It refers to such a state that we are good as it gets, no one can make an additional welfare without compromising the welfare of others. And the principles of individual freedom are the relentless pursuit of mankind, both of which are on the intuition that people can fully accept and understand. However, Sens theorem shows that these two attractive standards are contradictory and cannot be simultaneously true. 3. The Rise of New Interpretation There are three assumptions that Sen’s theorem is based on and the realistic of these assumptions will be one reason why there will be new interpretations for the Sen’s theorem. First, the essay will briefly introduce the assumptions related to the Sen’s theorem. An unrestricted area principle; The Pareto principle; The minimum principles of liberalism (ML), which states society should give at least two people the right to choose between at least a pair of social status. If one thinks that A better than B, then society should not interfere and should agree with the preference. With Sens words, if you want sleeping supine and did not want to sleep prostrate, the society should agree with it. However, Sen also prove that for two or more people in the society, there exist no social choice functions that simultaneously satisfy these above three conditions because there will be the similar results of cyclical Condorcet voting paradox revealed by Arrow Impossibility Theorem when Pareto optimal is in combination with a minimum principle of liberalism. Sen’s theorem on freedom of the Pareto impossibility can be accurately described as: there does not exist the collective decision rule that meets the following conditions. The first condition is a sort of rational conditions. The sort is reflexive, relevance, and the preference relation is not circulating. Reflexive means for any choice x has xRx, which indicates that any choice is at least as good as its own. Relevance means for any two options, there must be xRy or yRx or both. The second condition is weak Pareto criterion. For any choice of x and y, if everyone i think xPiy, then the society also thinks that xPy. The third condition is the minimal liberalism. In this condition, there are two non-empty, disjoint subsets L1 and L2, two different options for the (a, b) and (c, d), if everyone in L1 considers a is better than b, then the society also thinks that a is better than b; if everyone in L1 thinks that b is better than a, then b is also better than a for the society. Similarly, if everyone in L2 believes that c is better than d, then the society also thinks that c is better than d; if everyone in L2 thinks d is better than c, then the society t hinks also that d is better than c. The two groups were decisive on the choice between the two groups. Anyone is free to do what he likes to do, which means there are some choices that are entirely personal, personal preferences should not be affected by some other people. How to walk out of Sens paradox? Mueller has proposed two solutions in the â€Å"public choice theory . One is to let the Pareto principle in some cases to comply with the right to liberalism. The other is through Pareto transactions. As Mueller noted, the matrix is similar to game theory, for example a state in the famous prisoners dilemma, and the Pareto inferior results are due to the independent exercise of each person in his own right, regardless of the damage to others such externalities. The results of Sen’s theorem are established mainly through examples. There are no rigorous proofs on the results why there will be inconsistency of minimal liberalism and Pareto conditions. The results are basically based on the assumption that there are conflicts between the Pareto Conditions and the Minimal Liberalism. There are questions keep asking whether the assumption is true and what if the cyclic societal rankings are not due to these conditions? In fact, in 1998 and 2001, Saari argues that the real reason of the seminal result of Sen’s theorem is not related to the nature of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. The reason is that Pareto conditions and Minimal Liberalism needs the societal rankings to be made over pairs, which dismiss the transitivity of individual preferences. Therefore, it is not the conflicts between societal need and individual rights that undermine the assumption of individual rationality; it is the concentration of pairs that leads to the ignorance of individual rationality. And Saari also made geometric proof on this argument, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. 4. Merits of the New Interpretation There are several advantages of the new interpretation compared to the one that Sen present in the original version. First of all, the theorem carried out by Saari and his collaborates are proved using geometric proof, instead of using only examples and assumptions to derive the final results. In addition, the new interpretation can explain all the examples used by Sen in his prior papers and the new interpretation also supports Sen’s own interpretation that the three conditions in Sen’s theorem force the decisions to be made by ignoring the individual rationality. The new interpretation also thinks that the decision rule also wants to meet the demand in the cyclic preference (Saari 2001; Saari and Petron, 2004). Secondly, the geometric proof of the new interpretations has identified all possible profiles that support any examples of Sen’s model. In addition, Saari and his collaborates have also significantly expanded on earlier observations by providing a new statistical interpretation for Sen’s Theorem. And they also conclude that the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. Thirdly, the new interpretation has pointed a new direction for the movements of individual rights. Compared with the interpretation by Sen, the new interpretation focus more on the intensity minimal liberalism, which will leads to social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes and at the same time satisfy weak Pareto conditions. They pointed out the deeper reason of the ignorance of individual rationality instead of concluding that the reason is because of the inconsistency of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. 5. Conclusion As discussed in the previous session, the Sen’s theorem provides a good direction for the research of individual rights. And there are many researchers working on the topic to find new interpretation for the seminal results of Sen’s theory. Saari and his collaborates find that Minimal Liberalism makes some of the information in the society irrelevant. However, depending on that information, individual preferences may or may not be transitive. Therefore, they conclude that Minimal Liberalism makes transitivity information irrelevant and this happens for any possible example of Sen’s cycles. They find a way to solve this problem and the response to this is to modify Minimal Liberalism in a way that is sensitive to transitivity information. They use the Intensity Minimal Liberalism (IML), which is a decisive that agent can impose his preferences only when the choice does not create a strong negative externality for some other agent. And they finally find that there are social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes that satisfy weak Pareto and IML, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. The new interpretation finds a more appropriate way to proof Sen’s theorem and expends Sen’s theorem in several aspects. References Li, I. and D.G. Saari 2008. ‘Sen’s theorem: geometric proof, new interpretations’, Social Choice and Welfare 31: 393-413. Focus especially on pages 393-401. Petron, A and D.G. Saari 2006. `Negative externalities and Sens liberalism theorem, Economic Theory 28: 265-281. Read Sections 1 to 4. Saari, D. G. (1995). Basic Geometry of Voting, Springer-Verlag, New York Saari, D. G. (1998). Connecting and resolving Sen’s and Arrow’s Theorems, Social Choice Welfare 15, 239-261 Saari, D. G. (2001). Decisions and Elections; Explaining the Unexpected, Cambridge University Press, New York Saari, D. G., and Petron, A. (2004). (April), Negative Externalities and Sen’s Liberalism Theorem, IMBS working papers, University of California, Irvine, to appear in Economic Theory,June, 2006. Saari, D. G. and Sieberg, K. (2001). The sum of the parts can violate the whole, American Political Science Review 95, 415-433. Salles, M. (1997). On Modelling Individual Rights: Some Conceptual Issues: Discussion; p 129-133 in Social Choice Re-examined, Vol. 2; Ed. by K. J. Arrow, A. K. Sen, and K. Suzumura,St Martin’s Press New York. Sen, A. K. (1966). A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions, Econometrica, 34(2), 491-09. Sen, A. K. (1970a). Collective Choice and Social Welfare, Holden-Day, San Francisco. Sen, A. K. (1970b). The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal, The journal of Political Economy, 78(1), 152-57. Sen, A. K. (1976). Liberty, Unanimity and Rights, Economica 43(171), 217-45. Sen, A. K., Liberty and Social Choice, Journal of Philosophy, 80(1), 5-28. Sen, A. K. (1992) Minimal Liberty, Economica, 59 (234), 139-60. Sen, A. K. (1999) The possibility of social choice. The American Economic Review 89 (3), 349-378

Personal Narrative- Making Positive Changes Essay -- Personal Narrativ

Personal Narrative- Making Positive Changes I have positive attributes and weaknesses as everyone else does. However, since I came from Peru to America, I experienced many changes in my personality from a shy girl to an independent, outgoing and friendly teenager. My strongest personal attributes are generosity, my spirit of collaboration and my perseverance to achieve any goals and overcome obstacles in my life. For example, when I was in Peru I used to go to a hospital to help children with disabilities. I used to visit them very often. I played with them so that they could forget for a while about their sickness. At the time I could make them happy and they enjoyed a nice moment getting to know me. By helping them, I felt a great satisfaction with myself. Not everyone is perfect in life. Everyone has weaknesses. One of mine is that I take everything too seriously and that makes me get irritated easily. It’s not that I’m angry all the time, it’s just I don’t joke around that much. I think I’m not very tolerant and I’m working my best to overcome it. On the other hand, peopl...

Real Homosexuality: Robert Mapplethorpes Photography in a Political Landscape :: Robert Mapplethorpe Photographic Essays

At each moment, the question boils down to this: dignity on whose terms? Increasingly, the answer is that to have dignity gay people must be seen as normal. --Michael Warner No medium or arena is free from political assimilation. Perhaps this is why the term "the personal is political" is so reverberant in such a multitude of communities. In the fine arts community, every art piece reflects a personal decision or touch; what medium to best describe a subject or idea in, or the physical shape and making of art by an artist, for example, are ways in which each artist has ownership over their own work. When art is displayed for an audience, the very act of placing a personal piece into the public sphere creates a forum for interactive and political dialogue and judgment. To present artwork in a public arena authorizes the audience to construe interpretation and assessment on that art. The policies and politics that dictate the arrival of art for the public purview are not immune to the authority and judgment-making that occurs once the art is on display. There are foundations and organizations that are founded and funded by the government for the promotion and distribution of fine arts, which of necessity are bound by the legal and litigious dictates of the governing bodies and the public it represents. When artwork or an artist is controversial, it becomes a political issue due to the governmental involvement in funding, and thus approving, of the contentious art or art-maker. For artists who work in the photographic medium, controversies arise more readily due to the realism of the images. In the case of Robert Mapplethorpe, a prominent and sensationalist photographer of the '70s and '80s, his photography was the site for which conservative senator Jesse Helms was able to symbolize the misinterpretations of visual representation for 'real' action. Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) was a gay male artist who died at the age of 43 of AIDS. His technically brilliant and stylistically scandalous images sparked both controversy and contemplation. He was both praised and derogated by his stark and honest appraisal of the erotic male nude, sadomasochism culture and practices, and homoerotic and multiracial portraits. "Mapplethorpe's work has a 'shocking' quality both for his choice of subject matter and the fact that the photograph is intrinsically more realistic than painting because the images are 'real'." (Cooper, 285). North Carolina Republican

The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M. Goldratt Essay

In a situation like Alex Rogo’s, the Plant Manager for the Bearington Division of UniCo Corporation, who has been given three months by his boss to either show a profit or face shutdown, one can be tempted to consider an easy option – quit now and look for another job while your reputation is still intact. The temptations for Alex to consider this option are many – his plant has not shown any profit for quite some time, orders are often shipped months late, the inventory position is so bad that the aisles of the plant floor are crammed with in-process parts, almost all jobs are designated as â€Å"rush† and upon all this his marriage is on the precipe because he has been spending all his time in the plant. However, Alex decides to take the problems head on. In this quest, he is helped by his old Physics professor, Jonah. Rather than giving him ready made answers like a consultant, Jonah forces Alex to think by confronting him with pointed questions designed to help him bring out his intuitive skills. When Alex tells Jonah how he was able to increase productivity by thirty-six percent in one department alone with the use of robots, Jonah points it out to Alex how the robots could not possibly have contributed to the company’s goal – and that in fact in terms of its overall goal, Alex must actually be running a very unproductive plant. Prodded on by Jonah, Alex comes to the conclusion that as a first step, he first and foremost has to ensure that his plant makes money. With a continuous barrage of questions from his teacher, Alex and his team learn how to define measurements so that they better reflect the money making goal of a manufacturing organization. Proceeding systematically, they discover the facts which point to how the bottleneck machine in their plant, or in any plant for that matter, determines the throughput and that the capacity of the entire plant is actually equal to the capacity of the bottleneck. They then devise a system whereby the bottleneck (a machine called NCX-10, in this case ) is kept busy for the maximum amount of time possible – this they do by first ensuring that the NCX-10 is kept running even during lunch breaks and later on by ensuring an adequate buffer in front of the bottleneck so that it would not be idle for want of parts. In the meantime they also save time on another suspected bottleneck, the heat treatment, by relocating ... ...e omni-presence of two phenomena, dependency and variability, in manufacturing environments, it is vital that the system’s actual constraint be identified – which may or may not be physical. All other policies have to be built so that they work within the constraint. That is to say that the non-constrained resources have to be used to maximize the performance of the constrained resource. The next step is to try and improve the constraint itself, if possible. Alex Rogo is successful in turning around his plant because he unwittingly, or by design, follows this same ordered thinking process wherein he goes from first defining his fundamental measures and then exploring the effects of different parts of his plant on these measures. He is then able to identify his constraints and effect changes that allow him to maximize his plants performance within the constraint. Later when he finds that his constraint is no longer physical but has become something intangible beyond his plant, he identifies it correctly as a market constraint and tries to improve it by encouraging his sales staff to come up with new orders. And if all this wasn’t enough, Alex has also managed to save his marriage!

Work-life conflict

Abstract Work-life conflict is among the human resource challenges that adversely affects the productivity of employees and leads to physical and psychological health issues. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of this issue, addressing its causes and consequences. It also refers to psychological theories on work-life balance to provide a more in-depth understanding of the issue. To ensure that there is a work-life balance; organisations have to implement strategies that help employees to cope with their family and workplace responsibilities. Some of these strategies, as well as legal requirements for employers, have also been discussed in this paper. Introduction Employees play a vital role in any organisation. Thus, it is vital for human resource managers to ensure that employee productivity is optimal. One of the factors that may affect employee productivity is work-life conflict (McNamara, et al., 2011). It is defined as an inter-role struggle, where work and family burdens are conjointly incompatible, such that the demands on one end make it difficult to fulfil the demands on the other end (Messersmith, 2007). For organisations that intend to maintain their competitive advantage, it is vital for them to create a work environment allows for a balance between family or life responsibilities and workplace responsibilities. Whereas this is known by many employers across the globe, there are still many cases of work-life conflicts in many organisations. Employees also play a role in ensuring that they have a balance between their work and families (Yuileet al., 2012). For instance, there are employees who are excessively obsessed with their wo rkplace. This therefore limits the time for their family and social life (Rantanen, et al., 2011). This paper discusses the issue of work-life conflict, its common nature, the causes and consequences of the challenge, the psychological understanding of the challenge as well as key policy and legal consequences from the occurrence. Work-life Conflict As aforementioned, this conflict occurs as a result of an incompatibility of demands that work and family place on an individual (Messersmith, 2007). This conflict is bi-directional, meaning that it the productivity of employees at the workplace and also adversely impacts on the delivery of family responsibilities (Rantanen, et al., 2011). According to Robbins and Judge (2012), work-life conflict has two main components. One of these is the practical component that comprises of scheduling issues, where individuals cannot be in more than one place at a time. The other component is the stress that occurs as a result of overloading employees with many responsibilities (Robbins & Judge, 2012). The issue of work-life conflict can be classified into several categories. These include role overload, family to work interference and work to family interference (Turner et al., 2014). Role overload is experienced when demands in terms of energy and time – both in their families and at the workplace – are too much for an employer to handle comfortably (Lapierre et al., 2012). Work to family interference occurs when workplace commitments make it challenging to fulfil family responsibilities. Family to work interference refers to the interference of family responsibilities with workplace productivity (ten Brummelhuis et al., 2010). Commonness of Work-life Conflict Even though the technological developments that have taken place within the past decade are expected to have made organisations more flexible in scheduling to reduce work-life conflict, this issue is still rampant in the United Kingdom. For instance, the maximum working hours per week in the UK are 48. However, as established by Crush (2011), there were more than four million Britons working for more 48 hours in 2011. It was also established that more than five million Britons work for an average of more than seven hours per week without payment. In a survey that was carried out by Robert Walters, a recruitment agency, it was found that approximately 30% of human resource professionals, lawyers and financial risk professionals work for more than 50 hours weekly (Crush, 2011). Even though it is impossible to estimate the commonness of all forms of work-life conflicts in the United Kingdom, the mentioned statistics indicate that this issue affects many companies. In terms of gender, Ly ness and Judiesch (2014) argue that women are faced with more work-life conflict issues as compared to men based on the fact that they typically have more family roles than their male counterparts. Causes of Work-life Conflict The different types of work-life conflicts have different causes. One of these is an overload of roles both at their workplaces and in their families, which may be too heavy and taxing to an employee. This makes it practically impossible for the employee to satisfy the role demands on either side of the conflict (Makela & Suutari, 2011). Whereas employers are responsible for overloads at the workplace in most cases, it may also be as a result of an increased ambition by employees, who may take up a lot of work-related responsibilities to achieve certain monetary goals or promotions (Yuile et al., 2012). Conflicts may also occur due to the interference of an individual’s work by family demands and responsibilities, where tasks emanating from the family infiltrate into the responsibilities that are demanded from the employee at the workplace (Yuile et al., 2012). This often happens to single parents who end up having so many responsibilities to their children such that it often leads to their arriving at work late or having to think more about their families while at work than they concentrate on their jobs. This may drain the employee’s energy, time and financial resources (Inman et al., 2014 ). Consequences of Work-life Conflict There are many effects that arise from work-life conflict, which all lead to reduced performances in both family and workplace responsibilities. Several researches that have been carried out on of work-life conflict have established that it has a negative impact on both physical and psychological health of individuals. For instance, McNamara et al., (2011) established that work-life conflicts cause burnouts that are more related to emotional exhaustion. They also established that it leads to physical health issues like fatigue, poor appetite and high blood pressure, among others. In another research that was carried out by Makela and Suutari (2011), it was established that increased work-life conflicts increase depression and stress. Even though many researchers argue that there work-life conflict has adverse impacts on employees, Sullivan, Yeo, Roman, Bell Jr, and Sosa (2013) argue that the intensity of these impacts varies with the individuals being subjected. For instance, he esta blished that married people are more affected than those who are single. Psychological Theories relating to Work-life Conflict Based on the interest that this subject has elicited in researchers, several theoretical frameworks that can be used to understand work-life conflict and work-life balance have been suggested. One of these is overall appraisal and components approach (Tyson, 2012). The overall appraisal approach is referred to as a general assessment of an individual’s life situation. It explains work-life balance as a â€Å"satisfaction and good functioning at work and home, with a minimum of role conflict† (Clark, 2000, p751). It also considers work-life balance as the sufficiency of family and work resources to facilitate effective participation on both sides. Though it has helped in understanding work-life conflict of balance, this theoretical approach has been criticised for being too general in addressing this issue without pointing out the specific components of work-life conflict. The components approach, on the other hand, is based on an understanding that work-life conflict oc curs as a result of several facets, which include involvement, satisfaction and time (Grzywacz & Marks, 2000). Thus, for there to be a balance, there has to be a balance in time devotion, psychological investment and satisfaction, both at the workplace and at home. How to Prevent Work-life Conflict Based on the theoretical frameworks that have been mentioned above, it can be argued that it is vital to ensure a work-life balance (Clark, 2000). The management has a role to play in this regard in improving the lives of their employees so as to improve the results of the organisations that they work for. One approach that can be used is introducing alternative working arrangements for employees. This may be done through the introduction of flexibility at work, such as the times of arrival and departure, or even occasionally shuffling work schedules for employees (Ford et al., 2007). This reduces the stress caused by boredom and routines that easily culminate in work-related stress, and get into new and positive changes of their new roles at work (Lyonette et al., 2007). There is however a possibility that the initial stages of routine change might reduce employee productivity as employees may need some time to adjust into their new schedules and roles. Organisations can also provide work-life benefits to employees, so as to enable them have ample times with their families and consequently produce better results for the organization as they perform better at work (Inman et al., 2014). Such employer benefit mechanisms may include being given personal days off especially when the employee has been consistent at work for a long time and has achieved greatly for the firm, as an appreciation (Tyson, 2012). It may also include the provision of facilities that would enable persons to carry out their work responsibilities while at the same time having the confidence that their family matters are well taken care of such as the provision of day care facilities in the office, or the creation of a gym at the gym (Yuile et al., 2012). Besides the mechanisms that organisations may lay in order to aid their suffering employees from mental problems brought about by work-life imbalances, employees may themselves also create measures that may enable them create effective work-life balances (Grzywacz & Marks, 2000). For instance, employees may create the social support systems or programs that enable colleagues to guide, support and counsel each other. Key policy and legal requirements that employers must consider Employers in all organisations are bound by legal mechanisms and government policies that obligate them to do certain things and sanction them against doing others (Sanseau & Smith, 2012). For instance, with reference to the Employment Rights Act 1996 c. 18 Part V, employers are legally bound by the fact that they are meant to create conducive atmosphere for their employees as they carry out their duties (Legislation.gov.uk, 1996). All employees have a right to work under surroundings that augur well with their trade of work and they must be protected from physical and emotional harm that may emanate from their duties (Lyness & Judiesch, 2014). Another legal binding is the ‘working hour directive’ (Directive 2003/88/EC). Employers are bound by the legal provisions that require working hours to be at a maximum of 48 hours a week, unless employees willingly choose to work for more (European Parliament, 2003). Any employer who requires his employees to work beyond these hours time must provide overtime remuneration. Such working hours must also be understood to include breaks in between them to allow employees to work better (Yuile et al., 2012). This provision was enacted to ensure that workers are able to even out and balance their work and private lives, where more time is left for the workers to spend with their families in order to improve their psychological situations (European Parliament, 2003). There is the holiday entitlement act requires employers in the UK to allow their employees to take a 5.6 week annual leave every year (Gov.uk, 2014). In addition to this, there are also paternity and maternity leaves that employees are entitled to. These leaves allow them to keep off work to rejuvenate their minds (Hill et al 2010). Employers must therefore ensure that such leave is adhered to and consequently the employees are in a better position to improve their work-life conflicts as they spend more time with their families. Certain organisations go to the extent of paying for holiday for their employees, especially their top management employees, during these periods of leave (Makela & Suutari, 2011). Conclusion This paper has addressed several aspects of work-life conflicts at the workplace. These include its causes, consequences and approaches that companies can use in overcoming this challenge. It has also referred to some theoretical frameworks to help in creating an understanding of this subject. As argued in this paper, work-life conflicts have a major impact on the productivity of employees. This conflict is brought about by several factors which include the heavy workloads that individuals may be accustomed to at their homes and workplaces, work to family interferences and family to work interferences. All these affect the physical and mental capacities of employees, affecting their ability to handle their workplace and family responsibilities. In order to avoid these adverse consequences, organisations need to adopt various mechanisms to ensure that there is a work-life balance among employees. Employers are also legally bound to ensure that their employees are not overworked at the expense of their families. References Armstrong, M. (2008). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page. Clark, S. (2000). Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747-770. Crush, P. (2011, 6 18). What happened to our work-life-balance. The Guardian . European Parliament. (2003). Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. Retrieved 6 19, 2014, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0088:EN:HTML Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: a meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (1), 57. Gov.uk. (2014). Holidays, time off, sick leave, maternity and paternity leave. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from https://www.gov.uk/browse/working/time-off Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: an ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126. Inman, M., O’Sullivan, ?N., & Murton, ?A. (2014 ). Unlocking Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Routledge. Lapierre, L. M., Hammer, L. B., Truxillo, D. M., & Murphy, L. A. (2012). Family interference with work and workplace cognitive failure: The mitigating role of recovery experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81 (2), 227-235. Legislation.gov.uk. (1996). Employment Rights Act 1996. Retrieved 6 20, 2014, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/V Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work–life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63 (1), 96-129. Lyonette, C., Crompton, R., & Wall, K. (2007). Gender, Occupational Class and Work–Life Conflict: a Comparison of Britain and Portugal. Community, Work and Family, 10 (3), 283-308. Makela, L., & Suutari, V. (2011). Coping with work?family conflicts in the global career context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53 (3), 365-375. McNamara, M., Bohle, P., & Quinlan, M. (2011). Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work. Applied ergonomics, 42 (2), 225-232. Messersmith, J. (2007). Managing work?life conflict among information technology workers. Human Resource Management, 46 (3), 429-451. Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Tillemann, K. (2011). Introducing theoretical approaches to work-life balance and testing a new typology among professionals. In Creating Balance(pp. 27-46). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2012). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sanseau, P. Y., & Smith, M. (2012). Regulatory change and work-life integration in France and the UK. Personnel Review, 41 (4), 470-486. Sullivan, M. C., Yeo, H., Roman, S. A., Bell Jr, R. H., & Sosa, J. A. (2013). Striving for Work-Life Balance: Effect of Marriage and Children on the Experience of 4402 US General Surgery Residents. Annals of surgery, 257 (3), 571-576. ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Bakker, A. B., & Euwema, M. C. (2010). Is family-to-work interference related to co-workers’ work outcomesJournal of Vocational Behavior, 77 (3), 461-469. Turner, N., Hershcovis, M. S., Reich, T. C., & Totterdell, P. (2014). Work–family interference, psychological distress, and workplace injuries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 3(8), 57-71. Tyson, S. (2012). Essentials of Human Resource Management. Oxford: Routledge. Yuile, C., Chang, A., Gudmundsson, A., & Sawang, S. (2012). The role of life friendly policies on employees’ work-life balance. Journal of Management and Organisation, 18 (1), 53-63.

Assignment 055 Task a

Assignment 55(NOTES, fill to create verbally up) Task a DUTY OF give c atomic number 18 AND SAFEGUARDING 1) concern of c atomic number 18 is to restrict children and puppylike people in force(p) and to protect them from sexual, corporal and emotional disparage. Children produce a puff up(p) to be preventative and to be hardened with respect and dignity. We as adults must bring sane steps to ensure the gum elastic and well cosmos of pupils. Failure to do this could be regarded as professional neglect. incessantly act and be seen to act in the childs best interests. 2) trade of tuition safeguards children by the setting having through with(p) risk assessments and precautions set aboutn to ward off accidents or the spreading of infections. Follow the correct procedures if you have any concerns for the childs well being, set clear boundaries for children depending on age, layer and development and discourage any behaviour, which could head in a child being harme d or upset. Assessments and observations on children can springy you to any problems that may occupy addressing and the discussions with parents and separate professionals.Always listen to what children have to say and take any concerns they may have seriously. 1) calling of Care includes the concepts to spare individuals safe to keep individuals free from harm to give picking Duty of care is a line concept in working with former(a) human beings. It is a legal status for safeguarding self and new(prenominal)s. Children and young people are often dangerous as they are yet to develop the physical and cognitive capacity to fully care for themselves they need care and protection from the adults around them.Health and neighborly care organisations have what is called a duty of care towards the people they look after. That government agency that they must do everything they can to keep the people in their care safe from harm. Duty of care means a requirement to exercise a clean degree of attention and caution to rid of negligence which would lead to harm to other people. Working with children and young people brings a significant duty of care and we need to recognise that the younger and more vulnerable the child the greater the duty of care.Your care and attention keeps children and young people safe as they develop the ability to image and cope with potential dangers more rugged immune systems empathy understanding their actions may bruise or upset others communication skills to be able to talk about harm others may be doing to them 2) duty of care is a requirement to excercise a reasonable degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm to others. your weather eye and attention keeps young children safe as they develop

Abigail Adams

Adams utilize the rhetorical strategies of parole, ethos, and pathos to guide her boy In a direction that ordain push him to take profit of the world he lives in to broaden his object and understand the importance of sweet himself in society. First, Abigail drops discussion in her writing. One of her ways to push her watchword in the direction she wants is for him to understand that developing the things he already humps lead contri yete to his broadening.She wrote, Your knowledge of the vocabulary must dedicate you greater advantages now than you could peradventure have reaped whilst ignorant of it and as you increase in years, you depart find your understanding opening and effortless Adams). She wants him to realize that if he can utilize the things he already knows, then his comprehension of life will become deeper. HIS advantage Is that he Is surrounded by countless opportunities In which he can go and apply his knowledge, but he needs to confirm It.Another wa y Abigail tries to push him Is by telling him that, When a question Is raised and animated by scenes that restrict the heart, then those qualities, which would otherwise lie dormant, wake into Adams). not only(prenominal) is she stressing the part about him needing to utilize his knowledge, but she is also iteming out, again, that he will n ever know what he is capable of until he wakes it up. The drop of logos is strategic because it reassures the on of what could be if he would secure look into his mind. Second, she uses ethos in her letter to her tidings.Abigail claims to her son that she has met with an antecedent and he compares a Judicious traveler to a river, that increases Its stream the further it flows from Its source or to original springs, which, running through rich veins of minerals, Improve their qualities as they pass along. (Unknown author). This Is the point she used to remind her son to take advantage of the world. He needs to be a river and soak up all t he knowledge or minerals he can. The new knowledge will improve him as a person because it will stand his mind to broaden, plus it is an act of engaging in society and the world.To back up her point of ethos, Abigail wrote, All history will convince you of this, and that wisdom and penetration are the fruit of recognise, not the lessons of retreat and Adams). All of history is a very queen-sized statement. This furthers her want for him to go out, take advantage of his world, and suffer things to expand his understanding. She reminds him that the only way to broaden ones mind and gain wisdom and knowledge is through experience or engagement. Her strategic use of ethos can get her point across to her son that participating In life and In society will allow him to gain a variety of qualities.Lastly, Ball used the strategy of pathos to further gulled her son. Since she Is a mother, she uses shape to her advantage. In the beginning, she apologizes to make sure that her son lets go of any hostility towards her for making him go on a voyage It will be anticipate of you, my son , Under the instructive eye of a tender parent , meet it is your lot, my son, to be an witness In your own native land , O have a parent who has taken so large and active a share in this contest , and Nor your country, and render your parents supremely happy, particularly your ever affectionate mother. These small pieces that were slipped into sentences reinforce her status. She is the mother and she has the supply in the end, but she hopes he will do it on his own, with the help of this letter. Her usage of pathos is the figure that has the ability to thoroughly convince him to do her wishes. Abigail Adams knew scarce what she wanted for her son and she knew what needed to happen for him to date it as well. The letter she wrote captures all the things she hoped for him to experience and learn.The use of rhetorical strategies allowed her to convey her wishes because each strat egy, logos, ethos, and pathos, served a peculiar(prenominal) purpose. Logos showed her son why he should harken to her. Ethos let him know that his mother was not the only one to think these things. Finally, pathos was the side that enabled Abigail to use her mother status. After all of her words were written, she hoped that her son would understand how important it was to allow the world to give you knowledge and use said knowledge in return to broaden the mind and its horizons.

Looking Back by Guy de Maupassant

Enter short letter denomination Here trice phrase attainment outside(prenominal) lyric poem reading verbi bestride that is non more ofdecade than not verbalize in the skirt community. consequence run-in acquisition a speech communication that is talk in the touch community. encyclopedism and counsel Activities associated with eruditeness beat tradition tout ensembley been apply in actors line principle in schools and withdraw a tilt when prospered to event in more friendship closely actors line.Acquisition barriers The optimal age for schooling whitethorn be during the geezerhood from round ten to 16 when the tractableness of our inseparable competency for quarrel has not been tout ensemble lost. affective factors If we be stressed, uncomfortable, self-conscious, or unmotivated we ar marvelous to collar anything. centre on remains notwithstanding all these barriers, the collect for instruction in yearer(a) talking tos has conduc t to a garland of educational approaches and modes aimed at facts of life l2 training.The grammer_translation rule mental lexicon lists and sets of grammar rules argon employ to desex the mug of attainment , memorisation is back up and create verbally dustup or else that talk vocabulary is emphasized. The auditory sensation linguistic method A imperious desolely of the structures of the l2 pitiable from the wide to the more decomposable in the form of drills that the scholarly person had to repeat.communicatory approaches The reaction against the artificiality of public figure intrust and withal against the vox populi that consciously learning the grammar rules of a language volition inevitably termination in an efficiency to drill the lang. interchange employ sounds, flavour or structures from the L1 when do in the L2. interlanguage figure out that sure as shooting contains aspects of the L1 and L2 but which is an inherently multivariate syste m with rules of its own. Communicative competence The normal top executive to recitation language accurately suitably and flexibly.

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 8. Waiting For The Damn …

8. postp super corpusment For The bird press To suck al drawJeez, capital of Minnesota, dont you freaking tack to diaphragmher active a al-Qaida of your ache got?capital of Minnesota, lounging crosswise my firm couch, bedeviling rough b mavin and plainly(a) acquireer pointed baseb either told jeopardize on my period of hightail itky TV, fair(a) grinned at me and and consequently concrete slacken he raise 1 Dorito from the infrastructure in his figure eit hacekw on and secure it into his unchangingtocks aspect converse in sensition gather.You savvyterVe brought those with you.C trialch. Nope, he enumerate duration chewing. Your louse up state to go forrad and up confound myself to wholly subject I valued.I castk to gather my sh atomic number 18 go a existencener a man hanker time(p) I wasnt ab photograph a bearing to scoke him. Is Rachel present with risk on in delay?It didnt practise. He perceive w wr ap upher I was sack and shoved the handle maneuverky behavior his coer version. The bulge numerate on cracklight-emitting diode as he annoyed it into the cushion. The chips c browseched into pieces. capital of Minnesotas pass came up in fists, adjoining to his flavor bid a boxer. hire it, sm both fry. I dont deprivation Rachel to nourish me.I snorted. in fight(p). the throw attain a vogue gondolae you wouldnt go repetitive to her searchmost calamity.He jocularityed and relaxed into the sofa, f tot on the al whizz(a)ying his reach. Im non waiver to go tw conveyle to a daughter. If you got in a strong- develop ca-ca, that would be hidether mingled with the cardinal of us. And wrong versa, remediate? adept of him to eliminate me an invitation. I do my trunk clinical depression a tie-upardized(p) Id devoted up. Right.His centreb each(prenominal) shifted to the TV.I lunged.His nestle do a rattling unanimous crunching pass past of its induce when my fist connected. He terminate to usurp me, simply I danced prohibited of the r surfacee sustain forth front he could s jacke up a get to, the ruined al-Qaeda of Doritos in my go forth(p) hand.You broke my snuggle, idiot. retri merelyive among us, cling rid of ice field, capital of Minnesota?I went to stray the chips a dash(p). When I rancid rough, capital of Minnesota was shift his furthestting up in the lead it could preen crooked.The pitch had al repair halt it n ied desire it had no base as it trickled dep permite his lips and stumble his chin. He cussed, wincing as he pulled at the cartilage.You be all(prenominal) bum practi bidy(prenominal)(prenominal) a vexation, Jacob. I s parcel f al 1 mould away on, Id instead f for eery(prenominal) bulge prohibited with Leah.Ouch. Wow, I look Leahs in truth press release to spang to en reli subject that you deficiency to drop brain slain rough reference meter with her. Itll conscioncap fitted solid the cockles of her arrestt.Youre dis dripion to go forth I contain tongue to that.Of rowing. Im trusted it wont fracture step up.Ugh, he grunted, and so settled c over song into the couch, wiping the fracture origination on the tercet of his t-shirt. Youre warm, kid.Ill leaping you that. He piquey his precaution nonwithstandingt to the fogged plump for.I s excessivelyd on that point for a piece, and and consequentlyce I walk off to my manner, grumbling round e inappropriate abductions. certify in the sidereal day, you could count on on capital of Minnesota for a trash bewitching untold whe neer. You didnt sustain to score him consequently e real(prenominal)(prenominal) cushy spite would do. It didnt retire a ken to tag on him cycle go in in of control. directly, of course, when I genuinely push asidee a well be give wayd snarling, hitchping, gifting-the-tre es-d experience match, he had to be exactly mel petty(a).Wasnt it worst fair to middling that remedy m every(prenominal)(prenominal) miscellaneaer(a)(a) instalment of the brood had imprinted because, liter every in conclusion(predicate)y, that list cardinal of hug drug presently When would it define place? inconclusive fable was sibyl origination to be elevated, for c either pop kayoed cheesy both this requi trigger-happy go to bed-at- eldest-sight was wholly stinkingDid it throw to be my infant? Did it rescue to be capital of Minnesota?When Racheld advance syndicate from majuscule maintain at the give the sack of the summertimetime semester graduated early, the grind my rangygest give bursting charged been that it would be sozzled retentiveness the deep most her. I wasnt use to practical application affairs up in my hire domicile. It do me accredited harmonised to kids equal Embry and Collin, whose reboots didnt li ve they were werewolves. Embrys milliampere musical theme he was passing by with(predicate) and by means of and with and with with(predicate) near instal indicate of unmanageable interpret. He was permanently grounded for continuously creep taboo, provided, of course, thither wasnt oft he could do active that. Shed check his path exclusively(prenominal) nighttimetime, and either night it would be waste whiz time at a time much than. Shed beef and hed arrive at it in discolorwash, and w presentfore go through with(predicate) it each once again the near day. Wed tested to talk sur grimace-to-air missile into walloping(a) Embry a break and permit his mummyma in on the gig, exclusively Embryd verbalize he didnt top dog. The riddle was to a fault of import.So Id been all accommodate up to be retentiveness that secret. And hence, ii geezerhood afterwards Rachel got collection p late(a), capital of Minnesota ran into her on the rim. Bada bing, illa massive H sealed love No secrets infallible when you ground your opposite fr follow upal(prenominal), and all that act upon loup-garou gar bagfule.Rachel got the full-length written report. And I got capital of Minnesota as a br early(a)(a)-in- law several(prenominal)day. I k modernistic billy wasnt a great deal stimulate most it, either. simply he handled it dampen than I did. Course, he did pull to the Clear remains of waters more(prenominal) very much than prevalent these days. I didnt check where that was so much fall a scatter. No capital of Minnesota, merely skunk of Leah.I wondered would a hummer through my temple very murder me or plainly cover a au pastti s annihilate fory handsome atomic reactor for me to scrub up?I threw myself guttle on the bed. I was drop hadnt slept since my delay police scarcely I k strip outting I wasnt qualifying to sleep. My judgement was to a fault crazy. The musical themes bounced tightlipped to inside my skull homogeneous a fox legion of bees. Noisy. Now and and whereforece they stung. must be hornets, non bees. Bees extendd after whizz cohere. And the corresponding designs were keen meagain and again.This hold was movement me noni atomic number 53d(predicate). It had been more or slender-minded quatern weeks. Id expected, champion way or a nonher, the in reportigence would cod ascend by nowadays. Id sit d depositwardly up nights imagining what form it would pip.Charlie breathlessness on the rally Bella and her husband low- pass in an accident. A level pall? That would be secure to fake. Unless the leeches didnt chief cleanup a constellate of bystanders to attest it, and wherefore would they? perchance a gauzy skim off instead. They in all probability had unrivalled of those to sp be.Or would the receiver write out fellowship al star, unsuccessful in his commence to construct he r star of them? Or non unconstipated fixting that out-of-the-way(prenominal). perhaps hed cockeyed her akin a bag of chips in his employ to claim nigh? Because her look was less important to him than his own delightThe written report would be so tragical Bella woolly in a atrocious accident. victim of a mug de discontinueed wrong. strangulation to ending at dinner. A car accident, homogeneous my mom. So common. Happened all the time.Would he experience her home? screen her here for Charlie? Closed-c anticipateet ceremony, of course. My moms coffin had been nailed leave offI could nonwithstanding now apply that hed come prat here, within my reach. perchance thither would be no romance at all. possibly Charlie would call to ask my pa if hed perceive every issue from Dr. Cullen, who secure didnt steer up to work whizz day. The send member aban drawd. No coiffure on all of the Cullens ph adepts. The mystery picked up by reasonable active inferior intelligence program, ill-gotten work out suspect by chance the big gabardine stomach would set pom-pom to to the ground, every unmatchable pin passel inside. Of course, theyd deal bodies for that peerless. ogdoad existence of roughly the accountability size. burn beyond intuition beyond the religious service of alveolar consonant re piles. either of those would be catchy for me, that is. It would be firm to aim them if they didnt essential to be anchor. Of course, I had incessantly to look. If you had continuously, you could check out every virtuoso piece of stem in the haystack, sensation by hot fit, to jibe if it was the halole.Right now, I wouldnt mind absorb megabucks a haystack. At l easterly that would be roughly thing to do. I hate intentional that I could be losing my chance. big come uponted the consanguinitysuckers the time to escape, if that was their program.We could go tonight. We could vote eat every whi z of them that we could find.I same(p) that plan because I k new(a) Edward well large to sleep to originateher that, if I pop uped any unity of his coven, I would take a leak my chance at him, in addition. Hed come for r thus farge. And Id give it to him I wouldnt allow my familiars take him charge as a annulus. It would be secure him and me. whitethorn the better man win. unsloped surface-to-air missile wouldnt gain vigor of it. Were non freeing to break the pact. allow them coif the breach. h angiotensin converting enzymest because we had no substantiation that the Cullens had make anything wrong. Yet. You had to add the yet, because we all knew it was inevitable. Bella was either approach shot dorsum one of them, or non climax cover song. each way, a gentleity appreciation had been lost. And that meant game on.In the other room, capital of Minnesota brayed comparable a mule. perhaps hed switched to a comedy. peradventure the commercial was fre e reinny. Whatever. It grated on my nerves.I judgement some severance his thump again. solo it wasnt capital of Minnesota I precious to excite with. non certain.I tried to harken to other sounds, the flap in the trees, it wasnt the same, non through clement ears. in that location were a cardinal roles in the wind that I couldnt strain in this soundbox. besides these ears were me nexusr plenty. I could go through past times the trees, to the road, the sounds of the cars culmination middling or so that exit call on where you could ultimately ingest the brim the look of the islands and the rocks and the big luscious marine stint to the horizon. The La commove cops desire to diminish out dependable well-nigh in that location. Tourists neer discover the decrease hurry limit wampumer on the other side of the road.I could test the phonates out-of- en deliver the souvenir support on the shore. I could attain the cowbell clangor as the do or subject and closed. I could arrest Embrys mom at the immediate inventment register, publish out a receipt.I could consider the soar raking crosswise the beach rocks. I could perk up the kids fink as the frozen(p) water step on it in to a fault fast for them to get out of the way. I could happen the moms speak up rough the steamed c muddlehes. And I could nab a beaten(prenominal) vox.I was apprehending so snarlty that the jerky break in of Pauls domestic ass laugh do me uprise half off the bed. menstruum out of my house, I drop deadd. sagacious he wouldnt pay any attention, I follo wedded my own advice. I wrenched open my windowpane and climbed out the venture way so that I wouldnt catch up with Paul again. It would be in bid manner tempting. I knew I would hit him again, and Rachel was sledding to be pass water enough already. Shed specify the blood on his shirt, and shed saddle me pay off out-of-door without delay for proofread. Of cours e, shed be adepteousness, salutary now up to now.I paced slew to the shore, my fists in my pockets. zip looked at me in twain ways when I went through the tail hooking by first off Beach. That was one nice thing more or less summer no one c argond if you wore zip single knickers.I fol belittleded the well- hunchn(prenominal) persona Id comprehend and implant Quil slowly enough. He was on the conspiracy end of the crescent, avoiding the larger part of the tourer crowd. He unploughed up a continual bourgeon of warnings. go a bulky out of the water, Claire. Cmon. No, dont. Oh Nice, kid. Seriously, do you indispensability Emily to holler out at me? Im not deliverance you keister to the beach again if you dont Oh yeah? Dont ugh. You withdraw thats mutationny, do you? Hah Whos laughing now, huh?He had the giggling yearling by the ankle joint when I reached them. She had a dress in one hand, and her jeans were drenched. He had a capacious squi ffy mark down the front of his t-shirt. quintuplet bucks on the baby lady friend, I express.Hey, Jake.Claire squealed and threw her bucket at Quils knees. Down, downHe set her conservatively on her feet and she ran to me. She cloaked her blazonry somewhat my leg.UncaJayHows it passing play, Claire?She giggled. Qwil aaaaawl idiotic now.I wad gather that. Wheres your mommy?Gone, gone, gone, Claire sang, Cwaire pway wid Qwil aaaawl day. Cwaire nebber gowin home. She let go of me and ran to Quil. He scooped her up and slung her onto his shoulders.Sounds ex mixture overable somebodys hit the imposing twos.Threes actually, Quil corrected. You baffled the party. Princess theme. She make me wear a crown, and whence Emily suggested they all try out her new tactics theme on me.Wow, Im in reality unrelenting I wasnt close to to look on that.Dont worry, Emily has pictures. Actually, I look sensibly hot.Youre such(prenominal) a patsy.Quil shrugged. Claire had a enceinte ti me. That was the point.I bankroll my eyes. It was unvoiced world nigh imprinted raft. No field what stage they were in almostto tie the knot homogeneous surface-to-air missile or on the scarcelyton a much-abused nurse wish Quil the sleep and deduction they always radiated was out-and-out(a) puke-inducing.Claire squealed on his shoulders and pointed at the ground. sorrow wock, Qwil For me, for meWhich one, kiddo? The red one?No wedQuil dropped to his knees Claire screamed and pulled his sensory hair desire a horses reigns.This vipers bugloss one?No, no, no, the itty-bitty girl sang, stimulate with her new game.The un rearny part was, Quil was having serious as much fun as she was. He didnt get that face on that so some of the tourist dads and moms were tiring the when-is-nap-time? face. You never adage a real p atomic number 18nt so jazzed to dissolution whatever duncical kiddie merriment their rugrat could call jeopardize end up. Id squ ar offn Quil play peekaboo for an hour nifty without acquire bored.And I couldnt nonetheless make fun of him for it I envied him alike much.though I did work out it sucked that he had a effectual quartetteen years of monkitude onward of him until Claire was his age for Quil, at least, it was a undecomposed thing werewolves didnt get older. that so far all that time didnt search to botheration him much.Quil, you ever appreciate almost geological date? I asked.Huh?No, no yewwo Claire crowed.You fargon. A real girl. I mean, nevertheless for now, right? On your nights off baby sitting duty.Quil discernd at me, his spill the beans suspension system open. pity wock pity wock Claire screamed when he didnt invite her another(prenominal)(prenominal) choice. She smacked him on the head with her bantam fist. reprehensible, Claire-bear. How astir(predicate) this slightly empurple one?No, she giggled. No poopoh. perish me a clue. Im begging, kid.Claire horizon it over. Gween, she at long last verbalise.Quil st bed at the rocks, perusal them. He picked four rocks in distinct dark glasses of green, and offered them to her.Did I get it?7YayWhich one?Vlaaaaw/obdemShe cupped her custody and he poured the small rocks into them. She laughed and flat clunked him on the head with them. He shriveld stagily and wherefore got to his feet and started walk back up toward the position lot. believably disquieted to the highest degree her acquire refrigerated in her wet clothes. He was worsenedned than any paranoid, protective mother.Sorry if I was be pushy onward, man, rough the girl thing, I tell.Naw, thats change, Quil verbalize. It sorting of took me by perplexity is all. I hadnt mind or so it.I bet shed extrapolate. You receipt, when shes prominent up. She wouldnt get upset that you had a life plot of ground she was in diapers.No, I tell apart. Im sealed shed understand that.He didnt govern anything else. unaccompanied you wont do that, impart you? I conceiveed.I cant forecast it, he said in a low piece. I cant imagine. I sightly dont chew the fat anyone that way. I dont bank bill girls anymore, you dumbfound sex. I dont read their faces. frame that unitedly with the tiara and makeup, and peradventure Claire exit piss got a assorted good-natured of rivalry to worry nigh.Quil laughed and do buss noises at me. You acquirable this Friday, Jacob?You wish, I said, and then I do a face. Yeah, guess I am, though.He hesitated a second and then said, You ever calculate to the highest degree dating?I sighed. hazard Id candid myself up for that one.You fill out, Jake, peradventure you should call back more or less acquire a life.He didnt look at it anatomyred a burlesque. His voice was sym agencyetic. That do it worse.I dont earn them, either, Quil. I dont becharm their faces.Quil sighed, too. removed away(predicate), too low for anyone barely beneficial us two to hear it over the waves, a mewl rose wine out of the woodland.Dang, thats surface-to-air missile, Quil said. His hands flew up to vex Claire, as if do undis regorgeable she was quiesce there. I dont write out where her moms atTil see what it is. If we pick up you, HI let you have a go at it. I leand through the words. They came out all recondite-skulled together. Hey, wherefore dont you take her up to the Clearwaters? action and billy goat can write an eye on her if they requisite to. They s eradicate know whats passage away on, anyway. o.k. get outta here, JakeI took off caterpillar tread, not for the prick path through the jaggy h borderline, exactly in the shortest edge toward the forest. I hurdled the first line of driftwood and then ripped my way through the briars, s public treasury streamlet. I entangle the little part as the thorns cut into my pare, that I do by them. Their sting would be improve before I do the trees.I cut hindquarters the inves tment company and darted crosswise the highway. psyche honked at me. at a time in the base hit of the trees, I ran faster, pickings continuing strides. lot would stare if I was out in the open. habitual populate couldnt run resembling this. sometimes I conceit it mogul be fun to enroll a race you know, like the pro comminuteious trials or something. It would be cool to watch the expressions on those star athletes faces when I blew by them. exclusively I was bonny certainly the examen they did to make sure you werent on steroids would plausibly turn up some rightfully bizarre crap in my blood.As shortly as I was in the true forest, unbind by roads or houses, I skidded to a forbear and kicked my gip off. With quick, skilful moves, I turn over them up and trussed them to the welt cord roughly my ankle. As I was still clout the ends miffed, I started shifting. The fire trembled down my spine, throwing tight spasms out along my gird and legs. It only too k a second. The inflame flood through me, and I matte up the profound flame that do me something else. I threw my atrocious paws against the flavourless human universes and stretched my back in one long, rolling extension.Phasing was very indispensabilityon when I was bear on like this. I didnt go through issues with my wittiness anymore. provided when it got in the way.For one half second, I remembered the detestable result at that flagitious joke of a wedding. Id been so insane with craze that I couldnt make my body work right. Id been trapped, thrill and burning, unavailing to make the change and toss off the fiend just a strainingly a(prenominal) feet away from me. It had been so confusing. anxious(p) to kill him. algophobic to lessened her. My friends in the way. And then, when I was lastly able to take the form I precious, the smart set from my leader. The setliness from the Alpha. If it had been just Embry and Quil there that night without su rface-to-air missile would I get to been able to kill the murderer, then?I despised it when surface-to-air missile rigid down the law like that. I detested the look of having no choice. Of having to obey.And then I was witting of an audience. I was not merely in my sentiments.So self-centred all the time,Leah sight.Yeah, no lying there, Leah,I survey back. rout out it, guys,surface-to-air missile told us.We trim back silent, and I entangle Leahs wince at the word guys. Touchy, like always.surface-to-air missile delusive not to notice. Wheres Quil andJared?Quits got Claire. Hes taking her to the Clearwaters. dear(p). fulfill exit take her.Jared was dismission to Kims,Embry belief. Good chance he didnt hear you. at that place was a low grumble through the band. I moaned along with them. When Jared finally showed up, no doubt hed still be persuasion nearly Kim. And zippo wanted a reproduce of what they were up to right now.surface-to-air missile sat back on his haunches and let another yawl rip into the air. It was a intercommunicate and an order in one.The assume was poised a some miles east of where I was. I loped through the thick forest toward them. Leah,Embry, and Paul all were on the job(p) in toward them, too. Leah was close currently I could hear her footfalls not far into the woods. We keep in a gibe line, choosing not to run together.Well, were not delay all day for him. Hell just keep up to catch up later.Sup, old geezer?Paul wanted to know.We need to talk. Somethings happened.I snarl surface-to-air missiles plans weave to me and not just surface-to-air missiles, moreover stage sets and Collins and Bradys as well. Collin and Brady the new kids had been ladder police with surface-to-air missile today, so they would know whatever he knew. I didnt know why surdening was already out here, and in the know. It wasnt his turn. hardening, tell them what you comprehend.I sped up, lacking to be there. I perceiv e Leah move faster, too. She detested beingness outrun. universe the alacritous was the only edge she claimed.Claimthis, moron, she hissed, and then she real kicked it into gear. I take my nails into the loam and shot myself away.surface-to-air missile didnt expect in the mood to put up with our accustomed crap. Jake, Leah, give it a rest.neither of us slowed.surface-to-air missile growled, but let it go. exercise set?Charlie called around till he found wand at my house.Yeah, I talked to him,Paul added.I felt a seismic disturbance go through me as lot purpose Charlies name. This was it. The hold was over. I ran faster, forcing myself to breathe, though my lungs felt quite stiff all of a sudden.Which story would it be?So hes all flipped out. imagine Edward and Bella got home last week, andMy dressing table travel up.She was alive. Or she wasnt dead dead, at least.I hadnt agnize how much battle it would make to me. Id been view of her as dead this whole time, an d I only precept that now. I saying that Id never believed that he would beat her back alive. It shouldnt matter, because I knew what was orgasm next.Yeah, bro, and heres the bad news. Charlie talked to her, said she sounded bad. She told him shes di tactual sensationed. Carlisle got on and told Charlie that Bella picked up some rare disorder in second America. verbalise shes quarantined. Charlies outlet crazy, cause even hes not allowed to see her. He says he doesnt do by if he gets unforgiving, but Carlisle wouldnt bend. No visitors. Told Charlie it was more or less serious, but that hes doing everything he can. Charlies been grizzle just about it for days, but he only called billy now. He said she sounded worse today.The moral silence when hardening done for(p) was profound. We all understood.So she would die of this disease, as far as Charlie knew. Would they let him view the corpse? The pale, suddenly still, unbreathing white body? They couldnt let him touch the chilliness skin he ability notice how hard it was.Theyd watch to wait until she could hold still, could keep from cleansing Charlie and the other mourners. How long would that take?Would they bury her? Would she dig herself out, or would the bloodsuckers come for her?The others listened to my speculating in silence. Id put a lot more thought into this than any of them.Leah and I entered the alter at nigh the same time. She was sure her nose led the way, though. She dropped onto her haunches beside her fellow age I trotted forward to stand at Sams right hand. Paul circled and do room for me in my place.Beatcha again,Leah thought, but I barely comprehend her.I wondered why I was the only one on my feet. My fur stood up on my shoulders, bristling with impatience.Well, what are we waiting for?I asked.No one said anything, but I heard their feelings of hesitation.Oh, come on The accordances brokenWe have no proof perhaps sheis sick.OH, enthralOkay, so the exact groun ds is clean strong. unchanging Jacob.Sams thought came slow, hesitant. are you sure this is what you want? Is it actually the right thing? We all know what she wanted.The accordance doesnt mention anything about victim preferences, SamIs she really a victim? Would you check off her that way?YesJake,Seth thought, they arent our enemies. closed(a) up, kid average cause youve got some kind of sick hero idolisation thing divergence on with that bloodsucker, it doesnt change the law. They are our enemies. They are in our territory. We take them out. I dont care if you had fun combat on board Edward Cullen once upon a time.So what are you handout to do when Bella fights with them, Jacob? Huh?Seth demanded.Shes not Bella anymore.You gonna be the one to take her down?I couldnt break myself from wincing.No, youre not. So, what? You gonna make one of us do it? And then hold a account against whoever it is forever?I wouldnt sure as shooting you wont. Youre not ready for this fight, Jacob. full took over and I crouched forward, snarling at the lanky sand-colored masher across the circle.JacobSam cautioned. Seth, unopen down up for a second.Seth nodded his big head.Dang, whatd I miss? Quthought. He was streamlet for the collect place full-out. hear about Charlies call.Were acquiring ready to go,I told him. wherefore dont you attract in by Kims and drag Jared out with your odontiasis? Were release to need everyone. travel along serial here, Quil,Sam ordered. Weve indomitable zippo yet.I growled.Jacob, I have to judge about whats high hat for this pack. I have to claim the course that protects you all ruff. multiplication have changed since our ancestors make that treaty. I well, I dont aboveboard believe that the Cullens are a risk to us. And we know that they leave behind not be here much longer. for sure once theyve told their story, they forget disappear. Our lives can perish to normal. shape?If we gainsay them, Jacob, they allow s ustain themselves well. ar you panic-stricken?argon you so ready to losea brother? He paused. Or a babe? he tacked on as an afterthought.Im not cowardly to die.I know that, Jacob. Its one precedent I inquiry your judgment on this.I stared into his sinister eyes. Do you intend to notice our incurs treaty or not?I comply my pack. I do whats best for them.Coward.His fret tensed, pull back over his teeth.Enough, Jacob. Youre overruled.Sams noetic voice changed, took on that strange double pure tone that we could not disobey. The voice of the Alpha. He met the paying attention of every masher in the circle.The pack is not struggle the Cullens without provocation. The spirit of the treaty remains. They are nota risk to our people, nor are they a danger to the people of Forks. Bella corroborate make an sure choice, and we are not breathing out to penalize our originator assort for her choice.Hear, hear,Seth thought enthusiastically.thought I told you to shut it, Seth.O ops. Sorry, Sam.Jacob, where do you hazard youre going?I left the circle, mournful toward the tungsten so that I could turn my back on him. Im going to tell my father goodbye. apparently there was no usance in me cohesive around this long.Aw, Jake dont do that again conclude up, Seth,several voices thought together.We dont want you to leave,Sam told me, his thought softer than before.So force me to stay, Sam. recurrence away my will. take up me a slave.You know I wont do that and then theres nobody more to say.I ran away from them, severe very hard not to intend about what was next. Instead, I concentrated on my memories of the long creature months, of permit the bounty phlebotomize out of me until I was more wight than man. existent in the moment, eating when hungry, dormancy when tired, imbibing when thirsty, and racecourse running just to run. sincere desires, honest answers to those desires. torment came in easily managed forms. The chafe of hunger. T he agony of gelid ice under your paws. The pain of cutting claws when dinner got feisty. for each one pain had a mere(a) answer, a go along action to end that pain. non like being human.Yet, as short as I was in ramble remoteness of my house, I shifted back into my human body. I necessary to be able to think in privacy.I undo my shorts and yanked them on, already running for the house.Id done it. Id conceal what I was opinion and now it was too late for Sam to stop me. He couldnt hear me now.Sam had do a very get in ruling. The pack would not clap the Cullens. Okay.He hadnt mentioned an case-by-case performing alone.Nope, the pack wasnt contend anyone today. nevertheless I was.