English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

English - Essay Example Furthermore, scientists are of the view that in addition to humans, mammals and birds also dream. It is believed that the "Rapid Eye Movement (REM)" is a stage that occurs when the human brain is at the pinnacle of its activity a state in which the activity resembles of a state when awake. Rapid eye movement sleep takes place due to the movement of eyes continuously while sleeping. However, dreams may occur during other different times and state of sleep, but they are less memorable or vivid. A Dream can be as long as a few seconds to twenty five minutes long. Individuals are more likely to have either a vague or unambiguous recollection of dreams if they are awakened from sleep during the rapid eye movement stage. According to scientists, an average person has two to four dreams per night, and some may even have up to eight occurrences of different dreams in a night. Moreover, some people are able to dream longer as the time during the night advances. About two hours of sleep are spent dreaming in a full eight-hour long sleep. According to modern research, dreams are directly connected to the unconscious mind. They categorize from ordinary and normal to completely unreal and obscure. They are of different natures that fluctuates from magical to sexual, exciting, fear inducing, or adventurous. What a person sees in a dream is out of the control of the dreamer, laying in effect an exception to lucid dreaming, in which the dreamer can exert some degree of control over his dream. Dream interpretations and opinions regarding the nature of dreams have varied and drifted through the continuum of culture and time. Dream interpretations can be traced as far back as 5000-4000BC. Ancient records of dreams have been acquired from Mesopotamia that are as old as 5000BC, where they were inscribed on clay tablets. People in the Roman and Greek empires believed that dreams held a divine meaning portending the occurrence of an auspicious or

Marketing Audit and set Marketing Objectives for Holiday Inn Essay

Marketing Audit and set Marketing Objectives for Holiday Inn - Essay Example The report will highlight how Holiday Inn can utilise its strengths to exploit opportunities such as high growth in business and leisure travel, emerging Asian markets and advancements in technology in attaining its mission. The company should increase its market presence in Asia, increase the bed occupancy levels and offer additional physical evidence in its services. The hotel faces significant threats due to stringent visa and travel regulations due to diseases such as Ebola, possible terror attacks and high competition in the domestic market. Holiday Inn Inc is a global brand of hotels that forms part of InterContinental Group of Hotels and hosts more than 100 million guests annually (Russell & Cohn 2012). The hotel brand is recognised for its superior quality service, comfort and customer value since it offers differentiated services in its more than 1,200 hotels and 219,000 hotel rooms across world (InterContinental Hotels Group 2012 annual report, 2014). The Holiday Inn chain of hotels and resorts comprises of Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Club Vacations, Holiday Inn Resort and Holiday Inn Express has grown to become the largest midscale hotel by the number of rooms (Lee 2007). The hotel chain offers high-rise and full size plat hotels and the low-rise and full-service hotels that offer additional customer services such as room service, exercise facilities, comfortable rooms and restaurants (Onkvisit and Shaw 2004). Most of the hotels are conveniently located in the major cities, airports, and roadways in order to cater fo r the business travel needs (Russell & Cohn 2012). The global hospitality industry has remained resilient despite the recent challenging economic conditions occasioned by the Eurozone crisis and financial crisis in USA and UK markets (Yu 2012). In 2012, the industry revenues per available room (RevPAR) increased by 4.5 percent in 2012 (InterContinental Hotels Group 2012 annual report, 2014). The

Analysis Of The UV Visible Spectroscopy Biology Essay

Analysis Of The UV Visible Spectroscopy Biology Essay Purpose of this term paper is to describe working principle, instrumentation, data collection and data analysis of the UV-Visible spectroscopy which is also known as electron spectroscopy. In working principle, Beer-lambert law correlate absorption of light to concentration of substance in solution. Parts of UV-Visible spectrometer have been described. Data analysis and data collection section describe how data collected by system and what type of information we can get from the data collected from UV-Visible spectroscopy. In the end we conclude what we learn from the project. Introduction: In spectroscopy, matter is been exposed to radiative energy (light, high energy electron, high energy ions etc.), at that time it can interact with matter according to atoms or molecule are present in system. Depending on its interaction with material gives different information about the matter. In short, spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. Absorption, emission, elastics scattering, inelastic scattering are major interaction between radiative energy and matter. In absorption, radiated energy is absorbed by matter. In emission, electron will excite and goes to higher energy level, then when it goes to ground state it will emits electromagnetic waves. When electron and radiative energy interact, but they dont exchange energy, this type of interaction are called elastic scattering, and if electron and radiative energy exchange energy, then this type of interaction are called nonelastic interaction. The selection of the spectroscopy to analysis the sample is depending on what is present in the sample. For example, if atoms of sample are targeted to analysis, X-ray spectroscopy and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) are useful. If molecules of sample are targeted to analysis, Infrared, Raman, visible, UV-visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy are useful. Raman and Infrared spectroscopy are complementary to each other. Same way, UV-visible spectroscopy is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy. UV-Visible spectroscopy usually used for quantitative analysis of different molecule like transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compound, and biological macromolecule. UV-Visible spectroscopy use UV light and visible light for analysis of sample. Range of Visible light is 400nm to 800nm. Where UV light has range from 400nm to 200nm which usually used in spectroscopy. Energy associate with 800 nm visible light is 36 kcal/mole. Energy associated with 400 nm visible light is 72 kcal/mole. UV light used in UV-Visible spectroscopy is up 200 nm because smaller then this range it is difficult to handle. So, UV light which has energy less than 200 nm doesnt use frequently. UV light which has wavelength 200 nm, energy associated with it is 143 kcal/mole. Figure 1: Energy band diagram of molecule here it shows HOMO and LUMO (bonding and anti-bonding) energy level Figure 1 is showing general energy band diagram which has energy level HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital), LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). HOMO is also known as bonding energy level. And LUMO is also known as anti-bonding energy level. In this diagram, shows some exciting possibility in molecular electron from lower energy orbital to higher energy orbital. However, from UV-Visible spectroscopy, electron gain only enough energy to excitation from à Ã¢â€š ¬ (bonding) to à Ã¢â€š ¬* (anti-bonding) energy level or from n (non-bonding) energy to à Ã¢â€š ¬* (non-bonding) energy level. For other excitation, it will require even higher energy that UV or Visible light can provide. So, using UV-Visible spectroscopy we can measure first two left hand sides to excitation from diagram. UV-Visible spectroscopy is also known as electronic spectroscopy because it measure absorption of light by electron. When sample molecules are exposed to light having an energy that equals a possible electronic transition within the molecule from HOMO to LUMO, some of the light energy will be absorbed as the electron is promoted from lower energy à Ã¢â€š ¬ orbital to a higher energy orbital like à Ã¢â€š ¬* orbital. An optical spectrometer records absorption at each wavelength and present as graph of absorbance vs. wavelength. Range of absorbance ranges from 0 (no absorption) to 2 (99% absorption) calculate by spectrometer. Here in UV-Visible spectroscopy, Beer-Lambert law has been used to find concentration of absorbing solute in the solution. When a light passes through a solution, due to interaction with material some of the light might be absorbed and the remaining light transmitted through the solution. The ratio of the initial intensity (entering the sample (Io)) and final intensity (exiting the sample (It)) of light at a certain wavelength is defined as the transmittance (T). Most of the time it has been expresses as percent transmittance. And the absorbance (A) of a sample is the negative logarithm of the transmittance. Equation : Beer-Lambert law which correlate transmittance to initial intensity and final intensity Equation : Beer-Lambert law which correlate Absorption to transmittance Here, Io is initial intensity (entering intensity) and It is final intensity (exiting intensity), T is transmittance, A is absorption. The absorbance of a sample at a given wavelength is equal to the absorptivity of the substance, path length and concentration of the substance. Value of the absorptivity of the substance depends on the wavelength. For different wavelength, value of the absorptivity is different. The path length is the distance the light travels through the sample. Equation : Beer-Lambert law which correlate absorptivity, path length, concentration of substance Here, is absorptivity of the substance, l is path length; and c is concentration of the substance. Commonly, and l are constant for experiment because depending on material is fix value and experiment length of path (l) is also fix for each experiment. So, using these equations we can calculate the concentration of substance in given sample. Instrumentation: Figure 2: Working principal of UV-Visible spectroscopy [3] Ultraviolet (UV) and Vis light spectroscopy has been shown is figure-1. This device contains UV light source and visible light source, slits, Diffraction grating, filters, mirrors, reference cuvette, sample cuvette, lenses and detectors. Light source: This device has two light sources. Depending on the sample either UV or Visible light source will be used. Using Mirrors light will be concentrated on Diffraction gritting. Usually UV light source has range from 200nm to 400nm, and visible has range of 400nm to 800nm. For UV light source, Hg bulb is used. And For Visible light source, Tungsten is uses. Diffraction gritting and filter: Diffraction gritting converts light source into its component wavelength light. Prism can be used instead of diffraction gritting. Then Created single wavelength light is given to half mirror Half mirror: Half mirror is special kind of mirror which can provide two same intensity output from single input sources. In our device, it will be used to provide same intensity single wavelength light to the reference cuvette, and sample cuvette which contain only solvent. Solvent can also interact with the sample. So it is necessary to measure light interaction with solvent which later can be remove from sample which contain solvent and solute to measure light interaction with solute which is area of interest. Reference Cuvette and Sample Cuvette: In UV- Vis spectroscopy, it is very important to compare intensity to get transmission. Light is passes through the both cuvette. Absorption is done at this stage; level of absorption will depend on the sample and the reference themselves. Lens and Detector: Lenses will be used to focus and magnify the output reference beam (I0) and output sample beam (I). Here I0 should be absorbed just little Detector will be used to detect these signals and convert into electrical signals which can be further understand using software and computer. Figure 3:   Shimadzu 1650PC, UV-visible Spectrophotometer. [2] Data Collection [4] [5]: Instrument was SHIMADZU UV 1601. Absorption of liquid and thin film can be measured by this instrument. Liquid Sample For liquid or solution, cuvette is used. It is required reference solution containing cuvette, and sample containing cuvette. In reference cuvette, it will have only solvent. Using this data, absorption for cuvette and solvent can be understood. Using data of sample containing cuvette, absorption for cuvette, the sample and solvent can be understood. Surface of cuvettes must be cleaned after filling the liquid to make sure surface does not have any dust particles. Using software, Method is needed to be defined. In our Method, wavelength range is 300 nm to 1100 nm; scan speed is medium; sampling interval is 1 nm; scan mode is single. A 1st need to do is measure reference (baseline, solvent only). It is also important that reference cuvette is inserted in reference stage not in sample stage. Mounting of cuvette is very important. Cuvette has two types of surface. Cuvette has two transparent sides and two semi-transparent sides. Transparent sides need to be aligned so light beam can enter and exit from transparent sides. Load the reference sample. Define wavelength range (1100-300nm) scan in software. It will take about 2 min to finish scan for reference. It is also important to do it reference scanning process again if you change the type of the sample, cuvette or solvent. Secondly, low concentration seldibrdge (2.9*10^-6 mole/L) chromophore sample will be loaded in another cuvette and it will be loaded in to sample stage. In software, start scanning button is clicked. Scanning of the sample will also take about 2 min. When scanning is finished new window will appeared and will ask for file name and file description. Now on screen you will able to see typical graph absorption spectrum of seldibrdge chromophore. Computer will assign some peaks. To access this information peak button on screen will be pressed. After that computer will provide table which include Wavelength and Absorption. This table and concentration of the sample is useful to calculate extinction coefficient or molar absorptivity. This calculation will be done by Beer-Lambert Law. Third, high concentration seldibrdge chromophore (2.9*10^-5 mol/L) sample will be loaded in another cuvette and it will be loaded in to sample stage. Concentration is almost 10 times more than low concentration. It will be loaded in to sample stage. In software, start scanning button is clicked. Scanning of the sample will also take about 2 min. Data can be stored by using Data Print Table extension and it will information in notepad. Thin film Sample is dissolved in polymer matrix and applied on glass substrate. For this process, glass substrate is used as sample. It is very important to not to touch surface of the glass substrates. It is also required to make sure it does not have any dust particles on it. Then load reference sample in reference stage and press baseline button on computer screen. After that, sample is put on sample stage. It is important to orient the sample surface side, so light can directly interact with thin film first rather than glass substrate. Then press start on computer screen. Data table and Spectrum chart will be provide by computer. Data can be saved as the above description. In thin film, concentration is unknown, so extinction co-efficient cannot be calculated. For thin film maximum absorption is important factor. Data analysis: Chromophore is part of molecule which is responsible for its color. So, during UV-Visible spectroscopy electrons in chromophore are interacting with light. Table 1 is giving data about different chromophore. Chromophore may be present in solvent. So, we require selecting proper solvent to measure chromophore of solute. Not all the solvent can be used in UV-Visible spectroscopy. For example, oxygen non-bonding electrons in alcohols do not give rise to absorption above 160 nm. So, we can use as solvent for UV-Visible spectroscopy. Common solvent can be used in UV-Visible spectroscopy are Hexane (alkane), ethanol (alcohol), water. However, if we used UV light which has wavelength are lower than 200 nm, then we cant use alcohol because it create very sharp peak. Chromophore Example Excitation ÃŽÂ »max, nm Ɇº Solvent C=C Ethene à Ã¢â€š ¬__>  Ã‚   à Ã¢â€š ¬* 171 15,000 Hexane Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡C 1-Hexyne à Ã¢â€š ¬__>  Ã‚   à Ã¢â€š ¬* 180 10,000 Hexane C=O Ethanal n  __>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* à Ã¢â€š ¬__>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* 290 180 15 10,000 hexane hexane N=O Nitromethane n__>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* à Ã¢â€š ¬__>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* 275 200 17 5,000 ethanol ethanol C-X X=Br          X=I Methyl bromide Methyl Iodide n__>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã†â€™* n__>  Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã†â€™* 205 255 200 360 hexane hexane Table 1: Some measured data by UV-Visible spectroscopy. As describe in introduction, using transmittance, we can calculate concentration peak. However, all the data in computer give form of absorbance vs. wavelength or Ɇº vs. wavelength. Sometime value of log Ɇº is taken in place of Ɇº. There are some graph obtain from UV-Visible spectroscopy. Both Ɇº (molar absorptivity) and A (absorption) are changing with different wavelength. Figure-4 is absorbance vs. wavelength graph for C5H6O. Figure 5 is graph of Ɇº vs. wavelength for different conjugate compound which has same chemical formula. In graph, each peak represents a certain excitation. Figure 7 shows two different excitation, first excitation is from à Ã¢â€š ¬ to à Ã¢â€š ¬* and second excitation is from n to à Ã¢â€š ¬*. Both excitations have pick value at different wavelength. For excitation à Ã¢â€š ¬ to à Ã¢â€š ¬*, maximum Ɇº value is around 250 nm. And for excitation n to à Ã¢â€š ¬*, maximum Ɇº value is around 300 nm. From figure 5 and 6 we can say that as number of Chromophore, curve shift to longer wavelength; however number of picks doesnt change if Chromophore is same. However, for aromatics compound, as ring increase, number of pick are increasing. Due to different Chromophore present in molecule, it will effect on maximum absorption wavelength. There different terms are assigned for different type of shift which can see in table 2. Figure 4: UV-Visible spectroscopy results for C = C and C = C Chromophore for particular chemical compound at specific pH, and solvent. [1] Figure 5: UV-Visible spectroscopy results for conjugated compound. [1] Figure 6: UV-Visible spectroscopy results for conjugated compound [1] Figure 7: UV-Visible spectroscopy results for C = C and C = O Chromophore for particular chemical compound at specific pH, and solvent. [1] pH of system is also effect on absorption peak. Diluted Copper sulfate solution is very light blue. However, if you add ammonia which will change pH more than 7, color of solution will change due to change in absorption peak and intensity. Following figure 8, is UV-Visible spectra of phenolphthalein at different pH value. Figure 8: UV-Visible spectra of phenolphthalein (0.103 mmol cm-3) at pH 13 solid light line, pH 9 solid dark line, pH 8 dash light line, pH 4 dashed dark line Nature of Shift Descriptive Term To Longer Wavelength Bathochromic To Shorter Wavelength Hypsochromic To Greater Absorbance Hyperchromic To Lower Absorbance Hypochromic Table 2: Terminology for Absorption Shifts [1] 2 3 1 Figure 8 : Result obtain for Low concentration Liquid seldibrdge chromophore (1), high concentration Liquid seldibrdge chromophore (2), and unknown concentration of seldibrdge chromophore dissolved in polymer matrix and applied on glass substrate (3). [4], [5] Wavelength (in nm) Absorption 780 0.604 510 0.103 475 0.101 342 0.174 1063 .001 540 0.085 492 0.097 389 0.060 For low concentration Liquid seldibrdge chromophore, concentration is 2.9*10^-6 mol/L. peaks and absorption has been shown in following Table. Table 3: Wavelength and absorption for low concentration Liquid seldibrdge chromophore, concentration. [4][5] For higher concentration liquid seldibrdge chromophore, concentration is 2.9*10^-5 mol/L. Absorption of this sample is out of spectroscopy range. So it is required to dilute for further understanding and calculation. For unknown concentration of seldibrdge chromophore dissolved in polymer matrix and applied on glass substrate, concentration is unknown, so further calculation of extinction coefficient cannot be done, but peak absorption can be find. For this sample peak absorption is 0.512 at 808 nm wavelength. Using equation 3, we calculated Ɇº (extinction coefficient or absorptivity) is around 2.1E5 1 / M * cm at maximum absorption. Conclusion: UV-Visible spectroscopy is good for finding concentration or molar absorptivity of of biological macromolecule, organic molecule, transition metal, conjugated organic compound.. However, we need to make sure about pH of system and solvent before taking sample analysis. Using this spectroscopy, we find molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient of 2.9*10^-6 mol/L concentration Liquid seldibrdge chromophore for maximum absorption at given wavelength.

Sleep Deprivation And Business :: essays research papers

In this age of increased technology and globalization enormous stress is being placed upon the business traveler. In order to stay competitive, business executives must commit to brutal schedules and frequent travels. Increasingly, business travelers are relying upon air travel as their primary form of transportation. This constant movement through different time zones is exhausting and can lead to jet lag. 'Technically called circadian dysrythmia, jet lag is a disruption of the body's intricate biological inner-sleep cycle caused by crossing multiple time zones quickly.'; The mental and physical ramifications of jet lag can be detrimental and potentially dangerous to the individual's health. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, 'Fatigue is the No.1 factor that detrimentally impacts the ability of pilots.'; Footy ' According to a PBS television documentary 'Sleep Alert,'; a Boeing 747 captain noted:'; It is not unusual for me to fall asleep in the cockpit, wake up t wenty minutes later and find the other two crew members totally asleep.';footy In another report, 'A Boeing 757 captain told how his forehead hit the control column on his approach to New York's Kennedy Airport as the need for sleep became overwhelming.';footy Of course, the consequences of sleep deprivation in most cases will not be as severe as the in previous examples, but it does illustrate the importance sleep plays in job performance. The lodging facility of the traveler is in the best position to reduce and alleviate the negative affects of jet lag. In order to provide the best possible service to the guest, hotels will be forced to recognize this problem and create solutions for it. As it stands right now, the best solution to this problem is education. Recognizing the symptoms of jet lag is the first step in the education process. In his book, Power Sleep, Dr. James Maas of Cornell University describes the symptoms of jet lag as follows. Daytime Sleepiness. Ninety percent of travelers report experiencing daytime fatigue and sleepiness. If you give in to the urge to sleep during the day at your destination, you may not be tired enough to sleep at bedtime. Insomnia. The next most common symptom of jet lag is insomnia. You experience difficulty falling asleep at night. Once you do get to sleep you'll have less deep sleep and less REM sleep. The nights sleep is often fragmented by frequent awakenings. Poor Concentration. More than two thirds of air travelers report having poor concentration, or in severe cases of jet lag, temporary amnesia.

The Impact Of The Revolutionary War On American

American Revolution was key factor for setting up elementary and long lasting change in the values of Americans. During the period 1775-1800, the revolutionary war played a vital role in the drastic change of American society in each of the following sectors: the American economy due to increased taxation and inadequate money, the American legal system with its establishment of the Electoral College and constitution, and finally; the American culture with its ideas related to racial and gender discrimination.Even though the revolutionary war lasted for only a few years, the Revolution itself lasted for more than a century and its impact can still be seen today. A lot of early settlers who had to go through great difficulties while distancing themselves from Britain for their freedom had a feeling of revolt. The revolutionary war greatly influenced the American society and finally resulted in an economically stable and independent country that has achieved victory in spite of facing m any hardships. Impact of American Revolutionary WarBy the time American Revolution came to an end, the American economy had extremely weakened because there was a dearth of currency and trade. This is opposite to the commonly held conviction that the economy of America flourished after the revolution due to the influx of taxes. Britain exported a huge amount of goods to American after the revolutionary war. This resulted in a great loss to the local American industries. Moreover in 1784, Spain blocked its Mississippi River to all of the American trade, and asserted for a part of land close to the Gulf of Mexico that had been actually allotted to America by Britain.Not to forget this piece of land was given up by Britain in order to persuade America to stop coalition with France. America was discouraged from stopping its nation because of the restive Indians, who were really encouraged to do so by France and England. The Indians held up to Britain as they thought that if they would w in in case, the development of America into the West would stop, and they would be able to save their Indian land. France claimed the money America had owed to France; nevertheless America was not stable enough economically to ay off their debts.America said no to pay back the taxes. Still in the war, America had made their own currencies and tax barriers, as a result of which extra taxes were not privileged to citizens. Most of the states of America were doubtful regarding the taxes on good from other states. In few of the states, a lot of farmers were losing their land because they did not have the funds for these taxes. This problem caused the well-known â€Å"Shays' Rebellion† in 1786, where citizens actually assaulted the tax collectors.The terror of that kind of cruel violent behavior persisted and aggravated the fear of society. Due to the debts from the war, the British government forced more taxes on its American settlers, firstly on sugar in the â€Å"the Revenue A ct†, then on all business deals involving paper in the â€Å"the Stamp Act†. Mostly in Virginia, people were protesting against these taxes. In 1764 the General Assembly officially concluded that only the Virginia House of Burgesses had the legal rights to tax the people o Virginia.The upcoming resolutions and sanctions welcomed each of the new taxes imposed. In conditions of lawful concerns, the American Revolution significantly affected the American society with the formation of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution and other official documents, in addition to the foundation of the Electoral College. The founding of the recent American democratic system greatly relied on these precious papers. The new Constitution was commenced in 1789, this was the time when the population was increasing at an astounding speed and public was adhering to the laws.By 1791, America acquired a â€Å"Bill of Rights† that modified all the issues and is still followed today . Such official documents are still conserved today as they were prepared originally as the still have the same regard as lawful and ethical codes for society today. Due to the revolutionary war many people had to migrate to America and most of the early permanent colonists in America showed signs of preliminary hate for Britain when they went through the strenuous and lengthy migration to states. As the â€Å"Pennsylvania Packet† describes, America was the homeland of free people.Despite the fact that the document is partial, as the author conveys intense hostility for Britain, it has helped in explaining the nationalism of the settlers who preferred the idea of democratic system and wanted to be free from Britain's tyrannical rule. Conclusion The American Revolution had a greatly affected the American society in different ways. The war resulted in a weak economic system, suffering due to excessive migration of people to America, unemployment, taxes, debts and gender and rac ial discrimination.But with the help of great political leaders and national heroes America was able to form the basis for its current Constitution and legal values, and encourage women and other races to fight for their rights. The well established Constitution was the main pillar towards the regeneration and development of the state without which the survival would have been impossible. Endnotes 1. Ward, Harry M. Between the Lines: Banditti of the American Revolution (Westport, Conn. , 2002), pg 311. 2. Kierner, Cynthia A. Southern Women in Revolution, 1776-1800: Personal and Political Narratives (Columbia, S.C. , 1998), pg 176. 3. Wood, Betty. Gender, Race, and Rank in a Revolutionary Age: The Georgia Lowcountry, 1750-1820 (Athens, Ga. , 2000), pg 121. 4. Coulter, E. M. American Revolution: The Story of the Growth of a Tradition,† GHQ 39 (June 2003): 118-51. 5. Davis, Derek H. Society and the American Revolution. Journal of Church & State, 0021969X, 2001, Vol. 36, Issue 4, pg 19. 6. Ibid pg 23-27. 7. Hahn, Steven. The Effects of American Revolution. New Republic, 00286583, 2006, Vol. 235, Issue 6, pg 12. 8. Ibid pg 15-18. 9. Gross, Robert. Origins Of The American Revolution.Virginia Quarterly Review, 0042675X, 2001, Vol. 77, Issue 1, pg 48. 10. Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763-1776 (New York, 1999), pg 436-38. 11. Richard, Alden, The American Revolution, 1775-1783 (New York, 1997), pg 7. Bibliography Alden, K. A History of the American Revolution (New York, 1999), pg 325. Coulter, E. M. , American Revolution: The Story of the Growth of a Tradition,† GHQ 39 (June 2003): 118-51. Countryman, A. People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760-1780 (New York, 1999), pg 193.

What are the purpose of having your school clean Essay

If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment. If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school  buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment. If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment. If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and  special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment. If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment. If your school is clean, there is a motivation for students to be clean, even if they are naturally messy at home, school is a play where you learn things. You pick up good habits. Students can learn cleanliness in their schools and bring the idea of cleanliness to their homes. Having a school clean also prevents unknown illnesses from floating throughout the entire  school making almost everyone contagious. There’s less room for illness and more room for learning. Having a clean school also encourages students to actually attend that school. I wouldn’t be encouraged to go to a filthy school. I would either want to transfer to another school or just stay home. When the school is clean, students will know that they are unique and special enough to be given the chance to attend such a clean school and they will want to do all they can, including being good students, to remain in that clean environment. Students will be inspired to learn. Teachers will also be more inspired to teach. When they come into a clean school, their spirits will be lifted, and they can spread that spirited attitude amongst their students. Keeping school buildings, floors and facilities clean is essential for health and the positive image of your institution. Schools are designed for teaching and learning. Clean, nice-looking facilities are a key component to a learning environment.

Free Essays on Pakistani

In this short story â€Å"Pakistani†, it tells us of a little Pakistani girl who gets picked on because of her race and culture. She’s new to the school and hasn’t made many friends yet. She is alone but wants to be part of the oneness she sees before her in the playground. She gets asked to play by another girl but it goes on to tell us of the discrimination of the little Pakistani girl. The little Pakistani girl is seen as strong, patriotic, quite shy and, although the story does not tell us, attractive. She is strong to not let the other children get to her when they were calling her names. She shows respect for her country and people and also the country she is living in. She is shy to not join in with the other kids to laugh, scream and kick without a care in the world. She wants to be â€Å"part of the wave† and â€Å"to be drowned in an ecstasy of movement†. When she gets asked to play by the short and plum girl, she is excited that she is part of the crowd and not just the one person. She is part of the ‘sea’ that has been created by the other children. The other girl who asks her to play is a â€Å"short and plump† girl â€Å"with round glasses and wispy brown hair.† You get the feeling that she’s nice when she asks the Pakistani girl and yet she is the one who started the discrimination and the name ca lling. With the description given, it makes you wonder if she was alone too at first. In the playground other children kick her but when the Pakistani girl accidentally kicks her, she retaliates. It shows that she has a sense of power over her and is clearly showing off to be popular amongst all the kids. She seemed really surprised when the Pakistani girl did not retaliate or cry. It was a clear sign she was looking for or expecting but did not achieve in upsetting her that much as the Pakistani girl just walks away. The playground is the perfect setting for this kind of story as its one of the most ... Free Essays on Pakistani Free Essays on Pakistani In this short story â€Å"Pakistani†, it tells us of a little Pakistani girl who gets picked on because of her race and culture. She’s new to the school and hasn’t made many friends yet. She is alone but wants to be part of the oneness she sees before her in the playground. She gets asked to play by another girl but it goes on to tell us of the discrimination of the little Pakistani girl. The little Pakistani girl is seen as strong, patriotic, quite shy and, although the story does not tell us, attractive. She is strong to not let the other children get to her when they were calling her names. She shows respect for her country and people and also the country she is living in. She is shy to not join in with the other kids to laugh, scream and kick without a care in the world. She wants to be â€Å"part of the wave† and â€Å"to be drowned in an ecstasy of movement†. When she gets asked to play by the short and plum girl, she is excited that she is part of the crowd and not just the one person. She is part of the ‘sea’ that has been created by the other children. The other girl who asks her to play is a â€Å"short and plump† girl â€Å"with round glasses and wispy brown hair.† You get the feeling that she’s nice when she asks the Pakistani girl and yet she is the one who started the discrimination and the name ca lling. With the description given, it makes you wonder if she was alone too at first. In the playground other children kick her but when the Pakistani girl accidentally kicks her, she retaliates. It shows that she has a sense of power over her and is clearly showing off to be popular amongst all the kids. She seemed really surprised when the Pakistani girl did not retaliate or cry. It was a clear sign she was looking for or expecting but did not achieve in upsetting her that much as the Pakistani girl just walks away. The playground is the perfect setting for this kind of story as its one of the most ...

Self-Contained Classrooms

Self-Contained Classrooms Self-contained classrooms are classrooms specifically designated for children with disabilities. Self-contained programs are usually indicated for children with more serious disabilities who may not be able to participate in general education programs at all. These disabilities include autism, emotional disturbances, severe intellectual disabilities, multiple handicaps and children with serious or fragile medical conditions.  Students assigned to these programs have often been assigned to less restrictive (see LRE) environments and have failed to succeed, or they started in targeted programs designed to help them succeed. Requirements LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) is the legal concept found in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that requires schools to place children with disabilities most like the settings where their general education peers will be taught. School districts are required to offer a full continuum of placements from the most restrictive (self-contained) to the least restrictive (full inclusion.) Placements should be made in the best interest of the children rather than the convenience of the school. Students placed in self-contained classrooms should be spending some time in the general education environment, if only for lunch.  The goal of an effective self-contained program is to increase the amount of time that the student spends in the general education environment.  Often students in self-contained programs go to specials art, music, physical education or humanities, and participate with the support of classroom para-professionals.  Students in programs for children with emotional disturbances usually spend part of their day on an expanding basis in the appropriate grade level class.  Their academics may be supervised by the general education teacher while they receive support from their special education teacher in managing difficult or challenging behaviors.  Often, in the course of a successful year, the student may move from self-contained to a less restrictive setting, such as resource or even consult. The only placement more restrictive than a self-contained classroom is a residential placement, where students are in a facility that is as much treatment as it is education. Some districts have special schools made up of only self-contained classrooms, which might be considered halfway between self-contained and residential since the schools are not close to students homes. Other Names Self-contained settings, Self-contained programs Example: Due to Emilys anxiety and self-injurious behavior, her IEP team decided that a self-contained classroom for students with Emotional Disturbances would be the best place to keep her safe.

Ethan Allen - American Revolution

Ethan Allen - American Revolution Birth: Ethan Allen was born at Litchfield, CT, on January 21, 1738, to Joseph and Mary Baker Allen. The eldest of eight children, Allen moved with his family to nearby Cornwall, CT shortly after his birth. Raised on the family farm, he saw his father become increasingly prosperous and serve as a town selectman. Educated locally, Allen furthered his studies under the tutelage of a minister in Salisbury, CT with the hopes of gaining admission to Yale College. Though possessing the intellect for higher education, he was prevented attending Yale when his father died in 1755. Rank Titles: During the French Indian War, Ethan Allen served as a private in the colonial ranks. After moving to Vermont, he was elected colonel commandant of the local militia, better known as the Green Mountain Boys. During the early months of the American Revolution, Allen held no official rank in the Continental Army. Upon his exchange and release by the British in 1778, Allen was given the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army and major general of militia. After returning to Vermont later that year, he was made a general in the Army of Vermont. Personal Life: While working as the part owner of an iron foundry in Salisbury, CT, Ethan Allen married Mary Brownson in 1762.  Though a largely unhappy union due to their increasingly conflicting personalities, the couple had five children (Loraine, Joseph, Lucy, Mary Ann, Pamela) before Marys death from consumption in 1783. A year later, Allen married Frances Fanny Buchanan. The union produced three children, Fanny, Hannibal, and Ethan. Fanny would survive her husband and lived until 1834. Peacetime: With the French Indian War well underway in 1757, Allen elected to join the militia and take part in an expedition to relieve the Siege of Fort William Henry. Marching north, the expedition soon learned that the Marquis de Montcalm had captured the fort.   Assessing the situation, Allens unit decided to return to Connecticut.   Returning to farming, Allen bought into an iron foundry in 1762. Making an effort to expand the business, Allen soon found himself in debt and sold off part of his farm. He also also sold part of his stake in the foundry to his brother Hemen.   The business continued to founder and in 1765 the brothers gave up their stake to their partners. The following years saw Allen and his family moved several times with stops in Northampton, MA, Salisbury, CT, and Sheffield, MA. Vermont: Moving north to the New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) in 1770 at the behest of several locals, Allen became embroiled in the controversy over which colony controlled the region. In this period, the territory of Vermont was claimed jointly by the colonies of New Hampshire and New York, and both issued competing land grants to settlers. As a holder of grants from New Hampshire, and wishing to associate Vermont with New England, Allen aided took in legal proceedings to defend their claims. When these went in New Yorks favor, he returned to Vermont and helped found the Green Mountain Boys at the Catamount Tavern. An anti-New York militia, the unit consisted of companies from several towns and sought to resist Albanys efforts to take control of the region. With Allen as its colonel commandant and several hundred in the ranks, the Green Mountain Boys effectively controlled Vermont between 1771 and 1775. With the beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, an irregular Connecticut militia unit reached out to Allen for assistance in capturing the principle British base in the region, Fort Ticonderoga. Located at the south edge of Lake Champlain, the fort commanded the lake and the route to Canada. Agreeing to lead the mission, Allen began assembling his men and the necessary supplies. The day before their planned attack, they were interrupted by the arrival of Colonel Benedict Arnold who had been sent north to seize the fort by the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. Fort Ticonderoga Lake Champlain: Commissioned by the government of Massachusetts, Arnold claimed that he was to have overall command of the operation. Allen disagreed, and after the Green Mountain Boys threatened to return home, the two colonels decided to share command. On May 10, 1775, Allen and Arnolds men stormed Fort Ticonderoga, capturing its entire forty-eight man garrison. Moving up the lake, they captured Crown Point, Fort Ann, and Fort St. John in the weeks that followed. Canada Captivity: That summer, Allen and his chief lieutenant, Seth Warner, traveled south to Albany and received support for the formation of a Green Mountain Regiment. They returned north and Warner was given command of the regiment, while Allen was placed in charge of a small force of Indians and Canadians. On September 24, 1775, during an ill-advised attack on Montreal, Allen was captured by the British. Initially considered a traitor, Allen was shipped to England and imprisoned at Pendennis Castle in Cornwall. He remained a prisoner until being exchanged for Colonel Archibald Campbell in May 1778. Vermont Independence: Upon gaining his freedom, Allen opted to return to Vermont, which had declared itself an independent republic during his captivity. Settling near present-day Burlington, he remained active in politics and was named a general in the Army of Vermont. Later that year, he traveled south and asked the Continental Congress to recognize Vermonts status as an independent state. Unwilling to anger New York and New Hampshire, Congress declined to honor his request. For the remainder of the war, Allen worked with his brother Ira and other Vermonters to ensure that their claims to the land were upheld. This went as far as negotiating with the British between 1780 and 1783, for military protection and possible inclusion in the British Empire. For these actions, Allen was charged with treason, however since it was clear that his goal had been to force the Continental Congress into taking action on the Vermont issue the case was never pursued. After the war, Allen retired to his farm where he lived until his death in 1789.

Persuasive research paper- concealed handgun laws Essay

Persuasive research paper- concealed handgun laws - Essay Example Pro Majority of the criminals are less daring to target individuals who are highly trained and fully equipped with weapons. Citizens must take privilege of this fact and utilize it for their personal protection. They must use the lawful approach for acquisition of legally authorized protective weapons. The armed officials can take absolute advantage of the fact that criminals mostly tend to attack people who are unarmed, and disguise themselves in general public attire to trap the criminals. In 2000, John Lott, PhD conducted a research that clearly asserted that â€Å"shall-issue† commandments have diminished slaughtering by 8.5%, intensified the attacks by 7%, abductions by 5%, and burglary by 3% (Wilson 60). Lott further clarified that if government would have passed the law of authorization of obscured handguns in 1992, which it dissolved in the year 1977, then 1570 assassinated people, 4177 abductions, 60,000 exaggerated attacks and 12000 burglaries would have been avoided in these fifteen years. The modified US bill clearly states that the possession of unrevealed handguns is absolutely lawful and it is not an offense. The modified US constitution further elaborates that there is no harm in legalizing the possession of hidden guns by private army personnel, and there is undoubtedly a dire need for such measures for the security of the people living in a democratic nation. According to the 1997 statistics of National Crime Victimization Assessment, the burglary and battering sufferers who had guns to protect themselves were less probably harassed or experienced a grievance, as compared to those implementing alternative techniques of self-protection, or those people who do not oppose at all in self defense (Wilson 55). Though carrying a concealed handgun is not always a necessity for a grown-up, but it undoubtedly generates a strong sense of self protection in an individual and delivers a state of liberation to go outdoors at night or in treacherous a reas. Many grown-ups who are lawfully carrying concealed handguns are honest and self controlled people who do not abuse their weapons and do not violate the county’s laws. In a report by William Sturdevant (2000) circulated by Texas Concealed Handgun Association website, the common man encounters a 5.7 times greater incidence of being lawfully punished for brutal crimes and 13.5 times more probable to be put up in police lock-ups for peaceful wrongdoings, than licensed hidden arms holders (Bird 38). Bearing a secret handgun possibly will aid in finishing public victimization extravaganzas. If there was a citizen carrying concealed handgun during the slaughtering incidents that were experienced during 1999 in the Columbine High School in Virgina Tech firing event on April 17,2009; then several lives could have been saved. The management cannot assure the security of its inhabitants (Elmer 2012). Every citizen must understand that it is their individual responsibility to prote ct themselves, their families and their community. Any citizen who considers himself bold enough to proudly take this responsibility, then government must not create an obstacle for that person in legal acquisition of concealed handguns. The question of importance that arises here is that if criminals can illegitimately avail concealed hand guns to victimize the innocent people, then why they should the responsible citizens suffer more by

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Research Paper

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Considerations - Research Paper Example Firstly,understanding the means by which the tax base exists and funds public goods that benefit each and every citizen is a starting point upon which the reader should consider. Firstly, these tax dollars are ultimately not sent into oblivion to fund pork only pork barrel spending projects that many of the news outlets would have the citizen believe; rather, they are utilized as a means to provide highways, schools, equip law enforcement and firefighters, and provide for the national security of the nation. In such a way, the reader can seek to understand the severe implications of seeking to deprive the system of these funds and the way that it is ultimately reflected back into the community or region in which the corporate entity operates, draws from the labor pool, and provides for the education that it relies upon to recruit talented individuals. Whereas tax evasion is most commonly thought of on a personal basis, the fact of the matter is that personal tax evasion pales in comp arison to the untold millions, billions, even possibly trillions of dollars that go unaccounted for due to intricate accounting mechanisms, offshore accounts, and outright dishonesty with regards to the level of profits that many firms are willing to admit to the government. Although it is not the purpose of this research to identify the core level and underlying reason why this practice is so often engaged and to such a degree, it does not require a great deal of research or analytical thinking to categorize the answer to such a question within the framework of the rational actor approach.Within such a framework, the self interest of profit maximalization and/or greed comes to be seen as the main reason why such a practice is engaged with. (Slemrod 880). One of the most famous and primary ways that corporations seek to shirk their tax burden and responsibility is by utilizing offshore tax havens to hide and/or minimalize their profits (Martinez-Vazquez & Rider 56). This serves two functions. The first is of course to reduce the overall tax burden that will be affected for the fiscal year; whereas the second is to outright hide millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars outside of the purview of the tax system (Tzur 58). Such an approach is utilized by a great many corporate entities within the United States due to the fact that it is not expressly illegal to utilize tax havens as a means of minimizing the total amount of taxes paid. Such a level of tax dodging has meant that firms such as Google and Pfizer have been able to dodge billions in tax bills within just a few years

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles - Essay Example The talent director will use his skills to coordinate all programs on this direction. Once a year, the director reviews the standard recruiting procedures. In addition, there is a two week time frame for developing recruiting strategies for each sector within the organization. The talent director is has one month to source candidates for any vacancies. This occurs through advertisements, screening, interviews and pre-employment procedures. Three days after being engaged, new employees will be required to undergo in-house training programs to acquaint them with operations within the organization. This requires the talent manager to fully understand all operations in order to offer effective guidance to new employees. The talent manager will use his understanding of HR related laws and regulations in ensuring that the organization fully abides to every requirement. Monthly reviews are conducted with the aim of gauging the performance of the department in this respect. On the weekly briefings with the top managers, the talent director informs the management on the all new developments regarding the department. In addition, the talent director prepares performance reports on monthly basis which are supplied to the management of the organization. On this, the director puts into use the skills on communication and collaborative engagement. As a sales executive, I will be required to find market for the car company which sells vehicles in the region. This will also involve arranging and coordinating client demonstrations while providing them with competitive options and quotations. In addition, the sales executive will also be required to create an effective sales staff by providing quality guidance on the recruitment, interviewing and training of all the sales staff in the organization. Lastly, the sales executive prepares accurate weekly reports to the management while also preparing elaborate monthly report on the overall performance of

Financial Accounting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Accounting - Coursework Example It was also decided that the auditors would also have to follow the International Standards of Auditing (ISA), so that it would be easier to analyze the financial statements of the company on a global platform. The objective of this study is to discuss the improvement in the quality of information that users of financial statement get in IAS environment. Developing a strong accounting system is of significant importance because ability of the investors and the banks to calculate and assess the financial strengths and the performances of the companies depends on the transparent corporate accounting system. There should be mandatory consolidation of accounts along with the subsidiary accounts for ascertaining the true profitability. There was lack of segmented reporting of income, other disclosures, extent of deferred tax liabilities, etc. These were few reasons for which a common accounting standard was introduced. The Regulatory Framework for Financial Reporting All the companies in UK have to comply with the company laws regardless of its size. It was also important for companies to develop financial statements for the investors to analyze the financial position of the company. It is also the legal responsibility of the directors to see that the company is working in compliance to the accounting standards. According to the Companies Act of 1985, companies must represent a true and fair view of their accounting statements. In 1990s, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) was set up for setting the accounting standards in UK. It was a solely independent body set up by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the City institutions. In the year 2000, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) reviewed the IAS. It was proposed that all the EU companies would have to prepare their accounts or financial statements by following the IAS standards. It was estimated that about 7000 companies in EU were accountable for using IAS, whereas there w ere only 275 companies who were using IAS till then. All the measures required were taken to establish IAS as a law in EU. This regulation was applicable for the detailed accounting provisions. It was on the member states to choose whether they wanted to permit their unlisted companies to follow the IAS standards. However the UK Accounting Standard Board (ASB) did take several initiatives to narrow down the gap between IAS and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). IAS is still being modified and it has become IASB in the process of converging IAS and GAAP. A survey was conducted by Pricewaterhouse Coopers in the year 2002 among 650 Chief Financial Officers (CFOs), all across the European Union to find the response of the companies towards the usage of IAS. It was found that 62 percent of the CFOs agreed to the fact that IAS would help in establishing an effective and transparent accounting system for them. 85 percent of the companies still did not use IAS, 92 percent of t he CFOs were confident of meeting their deadlines of 2005 and about 60 percent did not even begin their planning for transition. International Accounting Standards (IAS) The study aims at discussing the different aspects of IAS, in order to analyze the improved quality of

Schools for the Underprivileged Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Schools for the Underprivileged - Assignment Example Secondly, the school must serve as an example for the existing public schools in the region (Shabnam, 2010). The public school system in the US is struggling to give the most basic levels of knowledge. The educational method in the US is predominantly based on the memorization of content rather than an intellectual development of the students. There is little emphasis on gaining an in-depth understanding of the contents and an acquisition of practical knowledge. A majority of students in underprivileged regions of the US have spent five years or more in a public school. These students are unable to identify basic scientific concepts, even though, these concepts are taught in the school. Test scores of these students are often lower than 35% (equivalent to 7/20), and many students fail to final exams for passing to the next grade (Muda, 2014). The organization has been created with the objective to provide schooling for underprivileged children. The mission includes providing high-quality education in basic subjects such as mathematics, science, and arts with an emphasis on understanding and practice of newly acquired knowledge. The program objectives comprise of: - Involve children, parents, school staff, volunteers and the community in a common project that would impart a sense of civic service, morality and respect for the traditional culture in which they were raised. The need for this program arises from the inequality of the US educational system. There is a considerable amount of research literature available which indicates the high level of inequality in the educational system of the United States. Children who grow up in low socioeconomic areas are more at the risk of experiencing difficulties in school and to drop out later. According to Goos, Damme, Onghena, & Petry (2004), elimination of these inequalities requires a concerted effort.

Discrimination in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in Education - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  discrimination in education on the basis of sex segregation, without doubts, takes place in other countries. The vivid example of the infamous Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistan girl who fought for rights of children to get equal educational opportunities proves that the issue exists. Even though her peers did not probably understand what she was fighting for, Malala kept working for justice and children’s rights in Pakistan. She claimed that girls had the right to get their education and attend schools; she argued that Pakistan girls should have got their basic human right, which had been suppressed for a long period of time in her country. It was obvious that her actions were rebellious for the Taliban regime and that the cost for her fight was her own safety, Malala risked her life.  This research discusses that  another crucial kind of discrimination in education that definitely exists in modern society is the racial one; perhaps, this kind of discrimination is the most widespread and problematic, as the society is trying hard to overstep racial prejudices and get transferred into a new level of interpersonal relationships. Even though more than a half century ago it was stated by the U.S. Government that segregated schools should be eliminated, still the statistical data of modern educational sphere shows that a big part of Latinos and Blacks are still attending the schools which work separately for them.

Schools for the Underprivileged Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Schools for the Underprivileged - Assignment Example Secondly, the school must serve as an example for the existing public schools in the region (Shabnam, 2010). The public school system in the US is struggling to give the most basic levels of knowledge. The educational method in the US is predominantly based on the memorization of content rather than an intellectual development of the students. There is little emphasis on gaining an in-depth understanding of the contents and an acquisition of practical knowledge. A majority of students in underprivileged regions of the US have spent five years or more in a public school. These students are unable to identify basic scientific concepts, even though, these concepts are taught in the school. Test scores of these students are often lower than 35% (equivalent to 7/20), and many students fail to final exams for passing to the next grade (Muda, 2014). The organization has been created with the objective to provide schooling for underprivileged children. The mission includes providing high-quality education in basic subjects such as mathematics, science, and arts with an emphasis on understanding and practice of newly acquired knowledge. The program objectives comprise of: - Involve children, parents, school staff, volunteers and the community in a common project that would impart a sense of civic service, morality and respect for the traditional culture in which they were raised. The need for this program arises from the inequality of the US educational system. There is a considerable amount of research literature available which indicates the high level of inequality in the educational system of the United States. Children who grow up in low socioeconomic areas are more at the risk of experiencing difficulties in school and to drop out later. According to Goos, Damme, Onghena, & Petry (2004), elimination of these inequalities requires a concerted effort.

The Clubfooted Grocer Essay Example for Free

The Clubfooted Grocer Essay In class we were looking at a short story written by Arthur Conan Doyle the man who wrote the famous Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Conan Doyle was a Scottish writer born in 1859, died in 1930 aged 71. Arthur Conan Doyle was trained as a doctor but never succeeded in this profession. He found more money would come from writing. Aged thirty- two he forgot about being a doctor and became a writer. He wrote all sorts of books Historical, romance, and adventure, but the Sherlock Holmes stories are what made him famous. In this essay I am going to examine the narrative and linguistic techniques Arthur Conan Doyle uses in The Clubfooted Grocer and the effect they have on the reader. The techniques I will focus on are characterisation, location and imagery, and the plot tension in the story.  The Clubfooted Grocer is based on the narrator and his Uncle, who has not excited to him and his mother for many years. Suddenly, out of no where, he sends a litter to ask for his nephew to go visit him up north. He gets on the train and meets his uncles messenger at a different station to where his uncle lives. He doesnt know why he has to meet there and why hes gone up north. He arrives at the house and it is surrounded by sailors but also doesnt know why. The sailors attack the house and break in. Arthur Conan Doyle uses techniques to make the story interesting and give it a little thrill.  Plot tension is when the author doesnt let you know whats going to happen so it makes you read the story further. The author can do this in many ways, maybe by only giving you a little information on someone and only the bad points on them. In The Clubfooted Grocer the author has used a lot of plot tension. The first time he used plot tension is in the opening paragraph. The paragraph opens introducing us to a Mr Steven Maple who is described as an unsociable, unrespectable man. It gives us a little information on his business life, which sounds like it didnt get very far and some of his business was a legal. It also mentions that he got beat up but doesnt give a reason why, which makes you wont to know. This is good plot tension. It also mentions that he disappeared in a lonely part of the north of England, but why, it leads to maybe a thrill in the story, makes you want to read on. The second time plot tension appears is in the second paragraph, again on the opening page. The paragraph opens with the narrators Mother reading him a letter from his Uncle, which is Mr Maple. The letter includes that Mr Maple wants his Nephew to go up north to meet him. Again why? This is what the letter doesnt include. It maybe for a visit or for the boy to help his uncle to get out of all his trouble. By Arthur Conan Doyle not giving any reason for the boys visit makes the story a little tense so would Inca ridge the reader to find out the reason why his nephew needs to go to meet his uncle, which makes you have to read on in the story to find this out. This is excellent plot tension. The third time plot tension appears is in the third paragraph. The paragraph opens with on no account let John get out at Congleton. This starts the paragraph with plot tension straight away because it sounds scary like if John gets out at that station something terrible is going to happen to him.  As you can see there is continuous plot tension in the story.  Arthur Conan Doyle has also used the technique of characterisation to make the reader think on what the characters in this story may look like. Characterisation is when in the story a new important character is introduced he/she is described in much detail to gain your attention. There is two times that Conan Doyle uses this in the story. The first time characterisation appears in The Clubfooted Grocer is on the sixth page of this story. It is used to describe Mr Steven Maple himself. Conan Doyle uses these words thick, small, rounded, ginger, white, heavy, and bald to give you a picture in your mind of what Uncle Steven would look like. With these words you can imagine Mr Maple as a short over weight bald round-headed man. The second time characterisation appears in this story is on the tenth page of this story and finishing on the eleventh. It is used here to describe Captain Elias. Conan Doyle uses the same technique to introduce new characters that are important in the story. He does this by using short nouns to describe the character. So in this case he uses these words to describe Captain Elias Freckled, great black cloak, different, crafty, cruel, dangerous, sly, and gloated. These words you can imagine what Captain Elias looks like and also the way he may act and talk. The very short words like crafty, cruel, and sly describe maybe what Captain Elias is like to his peers. Mr Steven Maple is in trouble with Captain Elias so these words can express what might actually happen to Steven Maple or the actions taken by Captain Elias. The third technique that Conan Doyle uses is location and imagery. Conan Doyle uses this for the readers to imagine where the story is set. On page twenty, the fifth paragraph Conan Doyle has used the narrator to explain the scenery of the place where hes going, in this case north England. This paragraph describes the narrators journey to where he is visiting his Uncle Steven Maple. He explains he doesnt know where the train he is travelling on is leading him. He only knows the stop to get off. For two hours I passed through desolate rolling plains, rising into places into low, stoned littered hills this is taken from the fifth paragraph on page twenty explaining where the story is set. Conan Doyle uses this technique very well on the fifth page of the story on the eleventh line. He uses this for a whole paragraph. It was quite dark outside, with heavy black clouds drifting slowly across the sky this is taken from that paragraph and explains the scenery that the young boy is surrounded by. This is good use of location. This paragraph goes on explaining the actions taken by the young boys guide. At first my guide walked swiftly and carelessly but eventually his pace slowed down this sentence finishes explaining how the guide slows down for the rest of their journey. Conan Doyle has used location very well in this; it gives you a good idea of where the story is set at all times. The Clubfooted Grocer was not interesting for me, the story seemed very pointless in my point of view. I can understand why maybe this story was chose for the students to study as it was wrote by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle but I found this story not one I would want to look at again. I understand the techniques used in this story and these were used very well. I think Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has structured this story well but not a good story line.

The More Effective Leader: Hitler Or Stalin?

The More Effective Leader: Hitler Or Stalin? Introduction In a sense, a certain analogy appears to be between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. It is vital to recognize that these two dictators of the twentieth century represented embodiments of modern evil. Both leaders possessed almost absolute power due to their unprecedented level of repression and attempted manipulation and indoctrination. Each of these dictators was drifted by revolutionary and controversial monopolistic set of dogmatic principles about the internal systemization of society and the leading power of history. Although Hitler and Stalin shared some clear parallelisms, their personalities, the effectiveness of leadership and specific regimes were fairly distinct rather than similar. The first part of this essay will concentrate on the analysis of various historiographical interpretations, focusing on the intentionalist view, to critically assess the effectiveness of Hitlers leadership qualities in particular. Secondly, the essay will focus on the comparison of some distinct aspects of Hitler and Stalins dictatorships in order to examine the importance of power hierarchy in both their regimes. It will be argued that both leaders had different styles of leadership that played very important part in moulding of their authorities and leading power. Furthermore, the essay will evaluate some principal tools of power such as the cult of personality, the powerful machine of propaganda, the use of terror and the development of pivotal economic policies, in order to provide a compact framework of Hitlers leadership potential capabilities. It will be highlighted that Stalin counted far too much upon mass terror therefore he was unable to maintain an efficient mechanism of leadership. Lastly, the essay will conclude by connecting the analysis of Hitlers dictatorship to the current debate between historical scholars, therefore the central argument will be proved that Hitler personified more competent and constructive leader compared to Stalin.* *The purpose of this essay is not to establish the fact that Hitler was, to a certain extent, a leading giant or a failure. It is meant to assess a man and the various facets of successful leadership he applied during his domination in the Third Reich that makes him more effective leader in comparison with Stalins abilities and intentions. The Analysis of Historiographical Interpretations of Hitlers Leadership It is indispensable to realize that several historical schools of thought (the Functionalist/ Structuralist and the Intentionalist school) have tried to account for their own arguments and interpretations of Hitlers dictatorship abilities. Lets look at the major points of each historiographical perspective in order to analyze Hitler as more effective leader in comparison with Stalin; and evaluate the relevance of Kershaws theory of Working Towards the Fuhrer in terms of Hitlers role in the Third Reich. Advocates of the Functionalist view, such as Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen, largely concentrate on the interpretation of systematization of Hitlers Nazi Germany and on his leadership qualities and charisma which played an essential role in strengthening Hitlers leading effectiveness. According to Broszat, Nazi Germany represented a chaotic tangle of conflicting institutions and bureaucracies therefore the figure of Adolf Hitler was not a key driving force behind the dynamics and organization of Hitlers Germany (Broszat, 1981: p. 262). It can be argued that Hitler as a leader did not solely dominate to the Third Reich because there were constant power struggles initiated by several institutions. Furthermore, in Broszats perspective, Hitler epitomized a weak dictator because the Third Reich signified a dualistic state where Nazi Party operated simultaneously with the normal institutions of Nazi state (Broszat, 1981: p. 244). Broszat advocated that behind a faà §ade of Nazi integrity , there were perpetual struggles for power between the revolutionary Nazi institutions, such as SA and SS, and the traditional authority of German state. According to Broszats opinion, Hitlers leadership style enabled Nazi state to emerge as a collection of competing power units which triggered the radical forces to penetrate into German society (Kershaw, 2000: p. 75). Certainly Hitler undermined orderly government in Germany by his habit of appointing several people to practically the same job, resulting in official competing for Hitlers favour. The Intentionalist historiography is embedded in the concept of Social Darwinism, therefore according to this view Hitler was depicted as a fanatical and extreme ideologist who was incessantly avid for nationalism, militarism, the importance of lebensraum and anti-Semitism. It is worth noting that there is a certain parallel between the Nazi bureaucratic machinery and Darwinian Theory of competition in terms of power struggle. In a certain way, Hitler as a leader represented the fittest element of the Nazi Party, relying on his personal appeal. Hitler was essentially responsible for the increasing momentum of radicalization. In Allan Bullocks view, he was very strong and artful leader, creating uncertainty, confusion and tension among his adherents in order to secure his leading post. Therefore, it is evident that Hitlers intention was to provoke unchecked struggle and competition until the natural selection and the survival of the fittest would have occurred (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 96). To a certain extent, a highly regarded scholar Ian Kershaw inclined to endorse the interpretation of Functionalist/Structuralist school regarding Hitlers leadership qualities. On one hand, Kershaw does not associate himself with the thesis that Hitler was a weak dictator and therefore played an unimportant role in the Third Reich. On the other hand, Kershaw had advocated the idea that Hitler was completely uninvolved in the daily administrative work (Kershaw, 1998: p. 529). It is necessary to point out that Kershaw considered Hitler to be a lazy dictator who was highly inconsistent, indecisive and did not engage in the everyday direction of Germany (Kershaw, 1998: p. 533). However, other structuralist champions, such Mason, maintained that Hitler was predominantly involved in the leading of his interests: military decision-making and planning of foreign policy (Kershaw, 1998: p. 532). It might be argued that Hitlers clear focus enhanced his untouchable leading status and veiled him i n the mystery. Moreover, Kershaw argued that the actual importance of Hitler was mainly based on the perception of Germans people of Hitlers personality and not just on the character of his dictatorship.1 _______________________________________________________ 1 It is vital to recognize that some historians agreed that Hitlers effective leadership aimed to arrange his power that would enable him continuously to educate the people in the spirit of his mission by means (in his words) the total domination of every individual (Cassinelli, 1976: p 63). Nazism and Stalinism: The Comparison of Leadership Styles Æ’Â   Ideology The main contrast between the Stalinism and Nazism was that both regimes arose from completely different types of societies traditions. Russias lack of culture, traditions and illiteracy meant that Stalin had very limited possibilities to accomplish his large tasks, such as transform the whole society from bourgeois system to socialist community. The Nazi ideology was shaped Given that Hitler was allergic to any restriction to his power, he had no clear-cut effort to form the administrative anarchy of the Third Reich. It is essential to emphasize that Hitler is characterized by the unbureaucratic style of leadership mainly because he remained quite aloof from the daily business and government and distanced himself from the intricate situations. Although his style of leadership appears to be, to some extent, limited, Hitler predominantly focused on the realm of his personal interests, such as foreign policy and military affairs. It can be argued, that this unbureaucratic style emphasized Hitlers personality, an inescapable product of the deification of the leadership position itself (Kershaw, Ian, 1997: p. 99). It can be purported that Hitler did not want to concern himself with the administration to sustain prestige to match the created image (Kershaw, 1997: p. 100). According to Marx Webers classic study of the authority of power, the quality of Hitlers charisma consists in his apparent possession of supernatural or superhuman or at all events specifically out of the ordinary qualities, which make him appear an emissary of God, or a destined Leader (Schapiro, 1972: p. 21). By contrast, Stalin personified very interventionist dictator whose main objective was to established the centralization of state power in order to eliminate the party-state dualism (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 91) but also to create a monopolization of all decision-making, in relation to economic reconstruction, to open up a giant bureaucratization of all aspects of life. He intended to intentionally provoke instability in the governmental apparatus and society to implement his unpopular policies by the full command of modern means of control and administration [EVIDENCE]. Stalins power was, therefore, described as bureaucratic authority (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 98) hence his influence in daily administration was far-reaching and cross-sectional. This fact suggests that Hitler largely relied on his charismatic impression to coordinate the states apparatus and gain a public support for his policies and actions, therefore it might be argued that Hitler was more effective leader in strengt hening his support and forming a new and higher kind of man by a process that involved the remolding of mens psychologies than Stalin (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 63). However, Stalin was able to transform illiterate and backward masses of Russians into obedient and simple-minded people. He relied on the masses that have a certain purity and naivetà © enabling them to understand the essence of significant situations. [2] _______________________________________________________ [2] As Stalin said, Simple people sometimes prove to be far nearer to the truth than some highly placed institutions. (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 89) ***Joseph Stalin declared: Can such a radical transformation of the old bourgeois system of society be achieved without a violent revolution, without the dictatorship of the proletariat? (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 77) The Effectiveness of Hitlers Leadership There is no doubt that Hitler and Stalins regimes shared some similar characteristics, nevertheless the main argument of this essay is based on fact that Hitler represented more effective and visionary leader compared to Stalin in terms of the cult of personality, propaganda, the use of terror and economic strategies several significant ways compared to Stalin. Therefore it is quite substantial to take into account the extent to which these major factors contributed to the effectiveness of Hitlers leadership. In essence, both Stalin and Hitler applied their power in different manner, however they shared a common ground regarding to implementation of their power. Evidence I: The Cult of Personality One of the principal factor, that significantly contributed to Hitlers effective leadership, was his sophisticated cult of personality. [3] Hitler was regarded as the personification of the nation and the unity of the national community therefore he primarily established his mastery on a cultivated principle of personal loyalty to which he could always successfully appeal at moments of crisis (Kershaw, 1997: p. 93). It must be noted that the principal reason for Hitlers domination of all who assisted him was an extraordinary power of his individuality. Hitler radiated confidence, high self-esteem and strong belief in his ability; it made him extremely powerful and everyone was frightened by his aura of total assuredness (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 73) thus he could stir up emotions and hypnotize the broad spectrum of German society. Hitlers main characteristic features were his skills to achieve an extraordinary power over the German people and ability to accomplish his political objective s. In large measure, his power to grip an attention and public admiration was especially due to his exceptional oratorical talent. [4] Hitler used his speeches as a powerful tool of political intoxication that inspired a degree of fervor in his listeners that seems to defy definition and explanation (De Luca, 1983: p. 96-7). Therefore it can be argued that Hitlers leadership uniqueness stemmed from his geniality to effectively use spoken word in order to manipulate mass propaganda for his own benefit. In Hitlers view, words build bridges into unexplored regions (Bullock, 1962: p. 372). The key aspect of this argument is that his uncanny ability to appeal to the subconscious and irrational needs of his audience and to solicit the desired response made him a formidable political figure (De Luca, 1983: p. 96-7). Furthermore, Hitler, in contrast to Stalin, was able to add the authority of spiritual founder of national socialism to that of party leader. _______________________________________________________ [3] Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). Both the Stalinist and the Nazi regimes signified a new genre of political system that concentrated the artificial concept of a leadership cult the heroic myth of the great leader, who represented a man of the people and no more super-ordinate monarch who was distant to the masses. However, in Moshe Lewins view, the rapid pace of centralization in Stalins leadership resulted in rapid growth of officialdom; hence, it might be said that the cult of Stalin was replaced by the cult of the state (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 11) hence Stalin predominantly concentrated on reinforcing his authority in order to be seen as autocratic and retain. [5] It is necessary to emphasize that Stalins rise to power was from within the Soviet Union consequently he shared public glorification with former icons such as Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx. The crucial aspect of this argument is that Stalin and his communist ideology could be detached therefore when Stalin died the similar cult of personality never evo lved around his successor but the Soviet communism preserved. It is worth noting that unlike Stalin, Hitler became a permanent image of Nazism. The Fuhrer principle, in essence, rooted in Hitler formulated the Nazis system of governance. [6] megalomaniac ambitions _______________________________________________________ [4] Walter Langer depicts Hitler as a showman with a great sense for the dramatic. However he provides very clear characterization of Hitlers captivating rallies: Not only did [Hitler] he schedule his speeches late in the evening when his audience would be tired and their resistance lowered through natural causes, but would always send an assistant ahead of time to make a short speech warm up the audience. Strom troops always played an important role at these meetings and would line the aisle through which he would pass. At the psychological moment, Hitler would appear in the door at the back of the hall. Then with a small group behind him, he would march through the rows of S.A. men to reach the speakers table. He never glanced to the right or to the left as he came down the aisle and became greatly annoyed if anyone tried to accost him or hampered his progress. Whenever possible he would have a band present, and would strike up a lively military march as he came down the aisle (Lan ger, 1972: p. 46). [5] To a certain extent, a Cult of Stalin Worship developed from a sense of paranoia because he wanted people to deify him and if he had to accomplish it though brutal means then he was prepared to do so. [6] Moreover, it might be said that the loyal adulation of Hitler signified the most effective political instrument of power in Nazi Germany, therefore there was no reliance and dependence on massive domestic constrain that was typical feature for Stalins rule. Evidence II: Propaganda Æ’Â   controlling every single aspect of daily-life Æ’Â   parades and marches provided a sense of order and gave a feeling of belonging. So that the unity between the people was very firm. Æ’Â  youth indoctrination The second key factor strengthening the effectiveness of Hitlers power was the Nazi propaganda that played very substantial role in the setting of totalitarian society. In essence, the primary objective of Hitlers propaganda was not the ideological enlightenment of the masses, but their mobilization for action through extensive spreading of ideas and symbols aimed at influencing opinion and attitude of wide range of people. For Hitler, propaganda was the sharpest weapon in conquering the state, and remains the sharpest weapon in maintaining and building up the state (Hinton Hite, 2000: p. 244). It can be affirmed that every propaganda was the preparation of political activities (Unger, 1974:p. 35). Hitlers effectiveness to indoctrinate society might be seen in fact that the high cultural level of the Germans allowed the Nazis to extensively apply the technical potentialities of modern propaganda as far as possible; therefore Nazis propagandist intended to develop the manipulation of words and symbols into the highest creative art (Unger, 1974: p. 47). [EVIDENCE Æ’Â   Unger p. 43] [7] In some way, this propaganda had also considerable success in strengthening overall support for Hitler and the regime, by reinforcing enthusiasm for a strong leader who was capable of making Germany economically and military powerful. For instance, the Nuremberg rallies brought some excitement into peoples lives and gave them a sense of belonging to a great movement. [EVIDENCE Æ’Â   DATA, STATISTICS World History] In contrast, Stalins propaganda contended with the lack of technical skills and the virtues of labour disciple therefore the effectiveness of propaganda was very limited. Due to the lack of modern mass media in the Soviet Union, a large illiterate masses (especially peasantries), were only indoctrinated by oral agitation which was hardly disseminate across large distances. There were no cultural and informational media which cemented the framework of modern society, therefore the Soviet propaganda was full of stereotyped monotony of Stalins declarative and simplistic slogans convincing the Russians about Stalins greatness and invincibility. In other words, Soviet propaganda had to be adapted to the capacity of the least intelligent and constant repetition was one of its main weapons (Unger, 1974: p. 46). Æ’Â   forcible collectivization of agriculture led to a direct clash between Stalins regime and the majority of the population therefore the rapid mobilization /////In Conquests view, the alienation distinctly increased before the wartime since many Russians started to hate Stalin for the misery he triggered; therefore it led to gradual decline in morale and discipline (Conquest, 1991: p. ). In case of Stalin, the propaganda tool was used to a limited extent and often in a wrong way. It is essential to mention that the widespread fear between the Russian population resulted in limited ability to believe Stalins promises and slogans. EVIDENCE !!!!!! ////Æ’Â  Additionally, it is vital to perceive that Hitlers leading effectiveness was mainly achieved by remarkable Nazi propaganda that enhance the popularity of policies that were genuinely popular, for instance, public works projects (autobahn) or the 1933 Farm Law assuring subsidies for farms. Whereas Stalins propaganda was directed at forming a measure of acceptance for politics that were quite undesirable, such as compulsory collectivization and rapid industrialization. [FOOTNOTES Æ’Â   EVIDENCE!!!!!] Unger Citation!!! _______________________________________________________ [7] According to historian Dick Geary, the Nazi propaganda was most successful: where it could play upon the traditional German prejudices and values of German middle-class society upon issues such as nationalism, anti-socialism, family issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Geary, 1993: p. 59). [8] Evidence III: The Use of Terror and Violence The third crucial element related to Hitlers effective leadership is the use of terror and violence. Terroristic aspect of the two regimes appears to be very significant in order to compare the leadership qualities of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Hitler seems to have had no deliberate policy of destabilization. In a sense, he tried to protect his deified leadership position by his non-bureaucratic and non-interventionist governance because he did not want to lose a popularity by deciding some unpopular policies. Furthermore, Hitler did not rule internally by terror even so his regime was deeply authoritarian and disciplinary. This means that his effectiveness based on the ability to maintain a supporting base of Nazi members in order to strengthen his own position but also to stabilize the party apparatus. However, with the exception of his purge of the Storm Trooper leadership on the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, Hitler never triggered a systematic attack on members of his ow n regime. However, It is important to note that Hitler never initiated an organized terror on members of his regime. It is significant to highlight that Hitler had his leadership position technically more secure than Stalin. On the other hand, Stalin personified the creature of bureaucracy therefore he appeared intentionally to destabilize government to turn this to his advantage; in the mid-1930s Stalin mainly instigated the liquidation of the kulaks as a class and great purges against his closest supporters in order to eliminate all challenges to his absolutistic rule but also he used the brutality of collectivization to infected the whole political system with the lust for blood and any criticism came to be identified with the sabotage of class enemies (Sakwa, 1998: p. 40). To a considerable extent, Stalins purges and the extensive use of terror and violence undermined the stability of his position and intensify his opposition within the Party sector (Kershaw, 1997: p. 93). However, it might be said that the use of purges represented a kind of weapon against the unstoppable power and expansion of Stalinist bureaucracy which seemed to malfunction. Also Stalins paranoid mentality resulted in unprecedent ed brutality used as an instrument for applying and implementing his policies and terrorizing his followers and Soviet citizens. Therefore he used purges and the Show Trials to remove Old Bolshevik rivals like Zinoniev and Kamenev, in order to destroy their reputation, so that he alone could take the credit for the Communist Partys achievements. Additionally, Steve Rosefielde argues that in the years 1929-38, the average Gulag forced labour population was about 8.8 million, and that the total adult losses attributable to forced labour, collectivization and the purges was over 20 million (Sakwa, 1998: p. 41). This, in fact, resulted in a greater alienation of masses and sustained the Soviet peoples sense of anxiety and feeling of helplessness thus they responded to Stalins force by self-control and dissimulation (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 129). Furthermore, the Purges disruptive effects were felt in the development of industry where the destruction of qualified engineers and managers seri ously undermined the Second Five Year Plan and accounts for Stalins reduction in the scale of the purges in 1939. Nonetheless the destructive policies penetrated through Stalins autocracy and the Soviet people felt perpetually insecure therefore this led to escalation of opposition between the Soviet citizens which had weakening effect on Stalins power. Evidence IV: The Major Economic Policies Another important factor that reflects Hitlers effective leadership is the series of economic policies implemented in 1930s. The main success of Hitlers economic recovery based on the total elimination of unemployment and on stabilization of German economy and progress towards an economy that would prepare Germany for war. For instance, Dr. Schacht organized Germanys finances to fund a huge programme of work creation; the increase in government spending (from RM 8.6 billion in 1932 to RM 29.3 billion by 1938) resulted in schemes to build a network of autobahns or conservation programmes. Moreover, Hitler concentrated on need to gear the economy for war It is important to highlight that Hitler was aware that he needed the support of the German people and could not risk to exacerbate their living standards at the cost of military supremacy. In 1930s, Hitler developed managed economy in Nazi Germany and in 1936 he focused on the Four Year Plan Æ’Â   autobahn completed, industry rebuilt, farmers: Blood and Soil, Workers: Strength Through Joy Æ’Â   Germany was a great economic power Stalin Æ’Â   unsuccessful FYPs collectivization and industrialization still backward- inability to catch up the West!! On the other hand, it might be argued that Stalins economic policies had only moderate short-term success. established the command economy [*9*] in the Soviet Union, clearly without this economic concept USSR would not survived. However, Stalins Five Year Plans were followed by forcible collectivization of the peasantry in order to erase all traces of capitalism and transform Soviet Union into fully industrialized, self-sufficient and completely socialist state without regard to cost. It is significant to point out that the effort to fulfill overambitious plans and resistance to collectivization led to acute shortage throughout the economy. It can be argued that despite the Stalin The top priority was investment in heavy industry which was view as the key to rapid economic growth and as an essential guarantee of national security. The acceleration continued through the Second Five Year Plan and extended into consumer goods. Against a background of a political purges and partial wartime mobilization, the pace of industrial growth slackened in the three years of the Third Five Year Plan, and such growth as took place may be attributed to territorial expansion. (p. 152-3) Falsification Æ’Â   It is vital to point out that Stalins leadership proved to be inefficient in terms of improving the Russian economy in the long run and great human expense. According to Isaac Deutscher, Stalins All-out Drive revolution from above appeared to be unsuccessful attempt to stimulate the production and increase the output because it lacked all rules of logic and principles of economies which were turned upside down (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 117). It is important to realize that Stalins economic policies were aimed at satisfying his own ideology rather than for benefit of people. This clearly supports the initial claim that Stalin was less effective leader than Hitler. _______________________________________________________ [*9*] Soviet planned or command economy was a type of economy in which centralized, bureaucratic management of economy, GOSPLAN, made a wide range of decisions penetrating to production and wages. Basically, the key objectives of centrally planned economy were to build socialism as quickly as possible and centralize the decision making and control. [10] In 1932, the number of unemployed in Germany was 5.6 million, however in 1938 there were only 0.2 unemployed in Nazi Germany. [EVIDENCE] Debate: Intentionalist view and Hitlers Effective Leadership Qualities Intentionalist view Æ’Â   Hitlers leadership domination and effectiveness was apparent in connection with [***]Hitlers dictatorship presented very extreme and intensive totalitarian demands of modern state, such as unexpected degree of violence and oppression, unprecedented manipulation of mass media to gain control and mobilize the masses, an unaccustomed cynicism in the international relations, an extraordinary aggression of nationalism and pestilent power of ideological racial superiority. Additionally, this specific dictatorship demonstrated that the modern, advanced and cultural society could fall headlong into barbarism. Indeed, Hitlers form of dictatorship meant the collapse of the modern civilization. On the other hand, Stalin personified a type of leader who focused on the continuity of Leninist tradition. By contrast, Stalin used hostility and terror as a normal feature of government when the USSR was in peace. His dictatorship resulted in creation of a personality cult of monstrous proportions but he never achieved a popular acceptance for his policies as Hitler did. ******It is vital to highlight that Hitler was more effective leader in terms of his cult of personality, propaganda and social and economic policies to 1941. This year represented a key turning point in Hitlers power and effectivity. Hitlers clash with Stalin indicated that the existing distribution of powerfulness was no longer able to outlast. It is very interesting to see the rapid transformation of power from Hitler to Stalin. Therefore it may be argued that, from the chronological perspective, Hitler was able to keep his authority at the highest position so his leadership skills were clearly better than Stalins abilities. Conclusion In conclusion, although Hitler signified a leader of one of the purest autocracies, there were some limits to his power, but it is essential to point out that these limits did not result from imperfections in his machinery of power but mainly from the context within which Hitler has to operate. However, Hitlers success might be apparent in regard to popular acceptance of his policies but also most Germans appreciated the sense of national community which was constantly instilled into them by Hitler. Furthermore, Hitlers long-lasting interest for the material-well being and social standing gave his regime a popular legitimacy that was one of the greatest success to his power. Security Management: Instant Messaging Perspective Security Management: Instant Messaging Perspective Executive Summary Nowadays, Instant messaging (IM) is used in the corporate environment which is rising rapidly, as organizations welcome to accept IM as a business communications tool. IM promotes cooperation and real-time communication among employees, business partners, and customers. It also brings new threats to local area network security and makes organizations to have a potential risks when employees share illegal or inappropriate content over the internet. Organizations are also faced with reduced employee productivity when IM is used arbitrarily and for personal communications. When use of IM is unmonitored and uncontrolled, it can lead to a significant drain on IT resources, as the IT staff attempt to identify which IM applications are being used and by whom. Moreover, when instant messaging is used to send and receive files, not only can the resulting drain on bandwidth negatively impact network performance, but the files themselves can pose a serious security threat. This report provides information to better understand threats of IM and mitigate its impact to business. The threats of IM are investigated. The trend in growing targets and number of cases are related to IM threats are analyzed. The impacts to business are assessed to identify areas of security management require great concern. Finally, measures are introduced to improve security management such that IM threats become manageable and their impact is reduced. 1. Introduction Today, Instant Messaging (IM) applications have rapidly become accepted by businesses as viable employee communications tools. IM is more instant than email, obviously easy-to-use, and provides the real-time collaboration organizations need to ensure quick judgments and decisions. Using Instant Messaging, organizations and their business partners can make a conference, share files and information easily over the Internet. Furthermore, within the organization, IM conversations among project team members can resolve issues and questions in an instantsomething that might have taken a series of emails, telephone calls, or face-to-face meetings to carry out. IM can be used to provide immediate replies to requests. It can also help promote personal relationships with customers and remote employees, and assist customers in completing transactions with Web-based businesses. This report is shown the concern of security of IM and gives some countermeasure to deal with IM threats. 2. Findings and Analysis 2.1 What threats are related to Instant Messaging? l   Worms A worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes and it may do without any user participation. In case of instant messaging, antivirus software does not currently monitor traffic at OSI Model-network layer. If a worm starts to spread via instant messaging, it cannot be stopped before it reached the remotes computer. Dissimilar a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing application or program. Worm almost always causes damage to the network when it drains the network bandwidth. On the contrary, virus almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer. The number of instant messaging worms is rising steadily. This is made clear when one considers the list of recent IM worms: n dubbed Pykse.A (16 April 2007) n W32/Rbot-GRS (26 June 2007) However, a few antivirus applications can plug in to instant messaging clients for scanning files when they are received. The lack of applications scanning instant messaging network traffic is partly due to the difficulty in monitoring instant messaging traffic so that the antivirus product running at the desktop level can catch the worms. l Backdoor Trojan Horses Instant messaging clients allow peer-to-peer file sharing, the instant messaging client to share all files on the system with full access to everyone can be configured by a Trojan Horse and in this way gain backdoor access to the computer. Moreover, the victim computer is on-line; a notification will be send to hacker automatically. So hacker can keeps track and accesses the infected computer easily. Besides, the hacker does not need to open new suspicious ports for communication in that hacker can instead use already open instant messaging ports. Classic backdoor trojans open an outgoing listening port on the computer, forming a connection with a remote machine. If the trojan operates via the instant messaging client, it does not open a new port as the user has usually already created an allow rule for instant messaging traffic to be outbound from their machine, therefore, allowing the backdoor trojan horse using the same channel to go unblocked. l Hijacking and Impersonation Users can be impersonated in many different ways by hacker. The most frequently used attack is solely stealing the account information of an unsuspecting user using the instant messaging or IRC application. Hacker can execute a password-stealing trojan horse to obtain the account information of a user. If the password for the instant messaging client is saved on the computer, the hacker could send a trojan to an unsuspecting user. When trojan executed, it would find the password for the instant messaging account used by the victim and send it back to the hacker. l Denial of Service Instant messaging may lead a computer vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks. These attacks may have different outcomes: A lot of DoS attacks make the instant messaging client crash, hang, and in some cases consume a large amount of computer processing power and causing the entire computer to become unstable. There are many ways in which a hacker can cause a denial of service on an instant messenger client. Furthermore, they are used to combine with other attacks, such as the hijacking of a connection and form a bot network to attack other servers. l Unauthorized Disclosure of Information Information disclosure could occur without the use of a trojan horse. Once the data that is being transmitted via the instant messaging network is not encrypted, a network sniffer can sniff data on most types of networks and can be used to capture the instant messaging traffic. Also, a hacker could sniff the packets from an entire instant messaging session. It can be very dangerous as hacker may gain access to privileged information. It is especially dangerous in the corporate environment in that confidential information may be transmitted along the instant messaging network. 2.2 Recent Incidents Case 1: New IM worm targets Skype users (Published date: 17 Apr 2007) Affected: The IM worm affects Skype users running Windows. Threat Type: Worm Description: A new instant-messaging pest that spreads using the chat feature in Skype has surfaced, security firm F-Secure warned. The worm, dubbed Pykse.A, is similar to threats that affect instant-messaging applications. A targeted Skype user will receive a chat message with text and a Web link that looks like it goes to a JPEG file on a Web site, F-Secure said on its Web site. Clicking the link will redirect the user to a malicious file. The file, after executing, will send a malicious link to all online contacts in a Skype users list and will show a picture of a scantily clad woman, F-Secure said. In addition, it sets the users Skype status message to Do Not Disturb, the security firm said. Pykse also visits a number of Web sites that dont host any malicious code and a site that appears to count infected machines, F-Secure said. The Finnish security company doesnt list any particular malicious payload for Pykse other than it spreading and visiting Web sites. Status: Skype also recommends using antivirus software to check the files received from other people. Case 2: Next-generation Skype Trojan hits web (Published date: 26 Mar 2007) Affected: Warezov Trojan horse to target Skype users. Threat Type: Trojan Horse Description: Miscreants have again adapted the Warezov Trojan horse to target Skype users. The attack is similar to threats that target instant-messaging applications. A targeted Skype user will receive a chat message with the text Check up this and a link to a malicious executable called file_01.exe on a website. Once infected, a computer will be at the beck and call of the attacker and the Trojan horse will start sending messages to the victims Skype contacts to propagate. Status: Skype warned users against opening the malicious file, take caution in general when opening attachments, and also recommends using antivirus software to check incoming files. Case 3: AIM bot creates fight combos to spread (Published date: 18 Sep 2006) Affected: Online attackers have created an instant-messaging bot program for AOL instant messaging that chains together a number of executable files, similar to the combination moves in fight games. Threat type: Worm and Bot Description: The software, dubbed the AIM Pipeline worm, uses modular executable files to infect machines with different functionality but also to make the bot networks growth more robust: if a Web site hosting one of the components gets shutdown, the other pieces of the worm can still spread. Status: America Online has blocked the URLs used in the messages sent by the AIM Pipeline worm. 2.3 Trends l Increase in IM threats IM Security Center researchers tracked 33 malicious code attacks over IM networks during the month of September, bringing the 2007 total to 297. This is a 20% increase in IM threats compared with the same time period last year. (SAN DIEGO Akonix Systems, Inc 2007) Research also indicates that there are more targets affected by IM threats (SANS Institute 2006) l New type of IM worms New IM worms identified include Agent-GCG, Ataxbot, Exploit-VcardGadget, Focelto, MSNFunny, IMBot, MsnSend, MSN-WhoBlocked, Neeris, Pykse, Skipi, STRATION and Yalove. IRCBot was the most common with four variants, followed by Imaut and Neeris with two, respectively. Akonix tracked 16 attacks on P2P networks, such as Kazaa and eDonkey (SAN DIEGO Akonix Systems, Inc) l Evolution of IM threats The vulnerability of IM are used in botnet communication and spread the bot and worms to another computers. When the hacker send the command to botnet army, the consequence of attacks is very serious. Unlike other attacks, botnet can comprised of thousands of computer power to perform a variety of attacks against a wide range target. For example, the botmaster can command each zombie participant in a botnet to launch spamming e-mails to steal the credit card information and launch Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks simultaneously against the thousands of computer. 2.4 Factors for growth of IM threats The growth of instant messaging usage within the organization, vulnerabilities in public IM networks occur during the process of transferring files. When a user transfers files or uses other IM features like file sharing or voice chat, users IP address is revealed. Using this IP address, hackers can have ability to attack the system. Some organizations configure their firewalls to block ports used by IM applications or block the external addresses of IM network servers. But IM applications can be configured to change ports automatically and are capable of penetrating firewalls through ports used by other applications. (For example: port 80). So policy control management is required. 3. Impact to Business Once the IM threats occur in the organizations, they face a significant security risk from disclosure of intellectual property or business-critical information using IMs file attachment capability. As IM is a highly informal means of communication, employees can unintentionally send critical company-confidential information, such as product specifications, code, and blueprints, or private customer data, to friends, colleagues, and competitors. There are three main concerns of using the IM which are identified. l Legal Liability concerns The danger of allowing employees to use IM at work under lacking of security management, the viruses and worms is very easy to expose. On the other hand, organizations face legal and compliance risks when employees share copyrighted, illegal, or inappropriate content via instant messaging. Unmonitored IM applications allow employees to openly transfer files and information that could lead to significant corporate liability. For example, transferring copyrighted MP3 files, movies, and software using IM is common among friends and bypasses the file size restrictions of email. l Employee productivity loss Many employees have already adopted IM which they prefer that IM is regarded as the personal connection with friends of family, because it has not used the telephone to be obvious, talking cant be eavesdropped. Employees can seem it is work, in their keyboard is typed and left, been exchanging the personal connection with friends of family all the time. l IT resource abuse Most organizations dont know what kind of IM should be installed on computer, which employees should use the IM and how often to use IM for business communication such as send, receive files, video conferencing. In addition, it is not uncommon for intensive file sharing over the IM that can influence the performance of the network. 4. Dealing with Instant Messaging threats IM threats can be operated by insider (employees) and outsider (hacker). According to the Figure 4-1, Operational-level employees want to increase their ability to override controls mechanisms base on some factors such as fear of lose their job whereas the top level-manger want to have control mechanism to monitor all harmful activity in the organization. However, top level-mangers always neglect the risk of middle-level managers whose have part of administrative power to act as insider. So that good security management must be executed in the organization to avoid or mitigate the insider and outsider activities. Consequently, prevention, detection, incident response and controls are good measures for security management. 4.1 Prevention Ensure that vendor patches are promptly applied to instant messaging software, interrelated applications, and the underlying operating system. Firewalls to separate all DMZs, internal networks and external un-trusted networks Monitor using an Intrusion Detection/ Prevention system for users. Create secure communications channel when using instant messaging with trusted business partners Do not rely on external IM servers for internal use of instant messaging. Install and use anti-virus and anti-spyware applications. Consider disposing the clear products designed for instant messaging safely. Some product like as Trend Micro IM Security for Microsoft Office and Symantec IM Manager 2007 seamlessly manages can be used for mitigation of the potential risks associated in that they acts a filter and detector between internal and external. Using Multi-factors authentication or biometric authentication to prevent the hacker to login the target computers. 4.2 Detection Monitor and detect using an Intrusion Detection for users creating tunnels for instant messaging. An intrusion detection system (IDS) generally detects unwanted manipulations of computer systems, mainly through the Internet. Enable the auto detect mode of updated antivirus and anti-spyware products for client computer. Filter all http traffic through an authenticating proxy server or firewall to provide additional capabilities of filtering or monitoring instant messaging traffic. Appropriately configure intrusion detection systems. Understand that many instant messaging applications are capable of enabling associated communications to masquerade as otherwise allowed traffic (e.g. http). 4.3 Incident Response Block popular instant messaging ports. Block access to known public instant messaging servers that have not been explicitly authorized. Virus-scanning software at all critical entry points such as firewalls, remote access server, e-mail servers etc. Ensure that vendor patches are promptly applied to instant messaging software, interrelated applications, and the underlying operating system. 4.4 Management Policy Controls Establish policies for acceptable use of instant messaging and ensure that all users are aware of those policies and clearly understand the potential risks. General users should not be allowed to install software. Limit Administrative and Power User level privileges to support personnel with their support ability. If a user must have Administrative or Power User privileges, create a separate account to be used for their daily office functions, internet surfing and on-line communication. 5. Conclusion Instant messaging has clearly taken off as a means of communication. The ability to communicate in real-time makes it an ideal medium for both business and personal communication. Unfortunately, threats that affect instant messaging already exist today, including worms and vulnerabilities that can give hackers remote access to vulnerable computers and can replicate in seconds can affect more than just instant messaging. Therefore, end users and corporations should employ basic security countermeasure. However, update the patch of product can mitigate the occurrence of threats, but these measures are not enough to prevent the network security. Corporations should have other measures for security such as prevention, detection and incident response. Furthermore, management controls are available to less the impact of IM threats. Once these measures get implement, IM threats must become manageable as a result of reducing the damage of business. References Michael E. Whitman and Herbert J. Mattord (2004) Management of Information Security, Boston, Mass.; London: Thomson/Course Technology Joris Evers (2007) New IM worm targets Skype users, Cnet, Available: http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/security/soa/New-IM-worm-targets-Skype-users/0,130061744,339274904,00.htm (17 Apr 2007) Joris Evers (2007) Next-generation Skype Trojan hits web, Silicon, Available: http://software.silicon.com/malware/0,3800003100,39166534,00.htm (26 Mar 2007) (2006) AIM bot creates fight combos to spread, Security Focus, Available: http://www.securityfocus.com/brief/305 (18 Sep 2006) San Diego (2007) Akonix Intros IM Security Appliance, Dark Reading, Available: http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=125041WT.svl=wire_2  (29 MAY, 2007) San Diego (2007) Akonixs Threat Center tracks 33 IM attacks , Dark Reading, Available: http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=135045  (28 Sep 2007) SANS Institute (2006) SANS Top-20 Internet Security Attack Targets, Available: http://www.sans.org/top20/ (15 Nov 2006) Symantec (2006) Protect Your Business from Instant Messaging Threats, Available: http://www.symantec.com/business/library/article.jsp?aid=instant_messaging_threats (11 Jul 2006) Symantec (2007) Internet Security Threat Report 2007,  Avalable: http://tc.imlogic.com/threatcenterportal/pubIframe.aspx (13 Jun 2007)